Table 2.
Associations (Beta estimate [95% CI]) between diet quality, sleep duration, physical activity and waist circumference and insulin resistance, by socioeconomic status level.
| Education level | Income | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta estimate [95% CI]A | Beta estimate [95% CI]A | ||||||
| N = 2359* | N = 2359* | ||||||
| <HS N = 403 |
HS or equiv. N = 698 |
College or equiv . N = 509 |
Postgrad N = 750 |
<$20,000 N = 939 |
$20,000–$49,999 N = 682 |
$50,000+ N = 738 |
|
| Individual factor | |||||||
| Model 1C: Total diet quality (lower tertile versus upper and middle tertiles) |
0.04 [−0.13, 0.22] | 0.01 [−0.12, 0.14] | 0.08 [−0.04, 0.20] | −0.01 [−0.11, 0.08] | 0.002 [−0.13, 0.14] | 0.03 [−0.08, 0.13] | 0.02 [−0.07, 0.11] |
| Model 2: BMI (≥25 versus <25) |
0.22 [0.04, 0.40]B | 0.23 [0.10, 0.35]B | 0.24 [0.10, 0.38]B | 0.19 [0.11, 0.28]B | 0.25 [0.13, 0.37]B | 0.22 [0.12, 0.33]B | 0.19 [0.10, 0.28]B |
| Model 3: Waist circumference, cm mean SE (Larger: ≥88 for women, ≥102 for men, versus smaller) |
0.33 [0.19, 0.47]B | 0.28 [0.19, 0.37]B | 0.27 [0.16, 0.39]B | 0.22 [0.14, 0.30]B | 0.27 [0.15, 0.38]B | 0.26 [0.17, 0.36]B | 0.23 [0.15, 0.30]B |
| Model 4: Physical activity (low versus med/high) |
0.13 [−0.02, 0.27] | 0.10 [−0.00, 0.21] | −0.01 [−0.14, 0.12] | 0.05 [−0.03, 0.14] | 0.02 [−0.08, 0.13] | 0.05 [−0.04, 0.15] | 0.05 [−0.04, 0.14] |
| Model 5: Sleep length/quality (low versus med/high) |
0.05 [−0.12, 0.22] | 0.05 [−0.06, 0.15] | 0.03 [−0.09, 0.14] | 0.03 [−0.05, 0.11] | 0.06 [−0.12, 0.24] | 0.04 [−0.09, 0.17] | 0.01 [−0.14, 0.15] |
| Two factors | |||||||
| Low diet and sleep scores | 0.05 [−0.18, 0.28] | 0.04 [−0.13, 0.22] | 0.07 [−0.12, 0.25] | −0.03 [−0.17, 0.12] | 0.07 [−0.15, 0.29] | 0.16 [−0.09, 0.41] | 0.18 [−0.09, 0.46] |
| Three factors | |||||||
| Low diet and sleep scores, plus low activity | 0.12 [−0.13, 0.36] | 0.11 [−0.13, 0.34] | 0.18 [−0.06, 0.42] | 0.05 [−0.22, 0.32] | 0.07 [−0.15, 0.29] | 0.16 [−0.09, 0.41] | 0.18 [−0.09, 0.46] |
| Four factors | |||||||
| Low diet, sleep, activity, plus high BMI or waist (select the relevant one) | 0.13 [−0.13, 0.38] | 0.11 [−0.12, 0.35] | 0.22 [−0.05, 0.49] | 0.11 [−0.18, 0.41] | 0.09 [−0.15, 0.32] | 0.19 [−0.08, 0.45] | 0.23 [−0.07, 0.52] |
∗These analyses exclude subjects that did not have fasting glucose available. The column totals do not add up due to rounding from multiple imputations.
AFrom multivariable models adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, and family history of diabetes.
BIn bold, P ≤ 0.05.
CDietary models are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, total caloric intake, smoking, and family history of diabetes.