In vivo proton MRS acquired in the ipsilateral hippocampus of a male HI rat (MRI changes shown in Fig. 2a) at 24 h, 72 h, 7 d, and 28 d post injury. All the spectra were scaled to the tCr concentrations measured by LCModel ([tCr]= 4.3 mM (24 h), 6.7 mM (72 h), 4.8 mM (7 d), 6.2 mM (28 d). g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glucose (Glc), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), myo-inositol (Ins), lactate (Lac), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), taurine (Tau), total creatine (tCr), total choline (tCho), and glutamate/glutamine complex (Glx). All the spectra were scaled to the tCr concentrations.