Fig 4. Prey selectivity (Ivlev’s index D) for sheep Ovis aries, goat Capra hircus and cow Bos taurus, based on scat analysis (n = 295) of three Iberian wolf packs (Arada, Montemuro and Cinfães), in central Portugal, between 2011 and 2014.

The index is based on the frequency of prey species in scats relative to the availability of these species in the area. Species with positive index values are selected while those with negative numbers are avoided.