Table 4. Regression Results: Outcomes Regressed on S/L Impairment and Cumulative Risk at Each Age.
| Multiple Regression Results | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 5/6 | Age 12/13 | Age 19/20 | ||||||||||
| Beta | SE | t | R 2 | Beta | SE | t | R 2 | Beta | SE | t | R 2 | |
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | 2.08 | 1.56 | 1.80 | .08 | 1.82 | 1.22 | 1.49 | .07 | 1.85 | 1.20 | 1.55 | .06 |
| Cumulative risk | 1.62 | .43 | 3.77* | 1.27 | .47 | 2.67 + | 1.36 | 0.44 | 3.09 + | |||
| FSIQ | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | -10.72 | 1.76 | -3.27 + | .22 | -10.44 | 1.81 | -5.78 + | .22 | -10.43 | 1.81 | -5.76 + | .24 |
| Cumulative risk | -3.17 | 0.69 | -4.62 + | -2.86 | .69 | -4.13 + | -2.82 | .77 | -3.68 + | |||
| Logistic Regression Results | ||||||||||||
| Age 5/6 | Age 12/13 | Age 19/20 | ||||||||||
| Beta | SE | Wald | OR | Beta | SE | Wald | OR | Beta | SE | Wald | OR | |
| School Dropout | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | .85 | .50 | 4.58 | 2.35 | .52 | .43 | 1.94 | 1.69 | .69 | .43 | 3.40 | 2.00 |
| Cumulative risk | .75 | .15 | 29.74 + | 2.13 | .65 | .17 | 26.64 + | 1.91 | .55 | .15 | 18.46 + | 1.73 |
| History of Arrest | ||||||||||||
| Sex | 1.61 | .55 | 9.99 + | 5.02 | 1.86 | .57 | 13.33 + | 6.44 | 1.79 | .58 | 11.92 + | 5.99 |
| S/L impairment | .082 | .45 | 0.40 | 1.09 | -.12 | .46 | .42 | .89 | -.31 | .44 | 0.83 | .73 |
| Cumulative risk | .59 | .14 | 20.75 + | 1.81 | .69 | .17 | 27.71 + | 2.00 | .67 | .17 | 24.14 + | 1.96 |
| Physical Illness | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | .38 | .29 | 2.44 | 1.47 | .25 | 3.11 | 1.19 | 1.28 | .35 | .29 | 1.94 | 1.42 |
| Cumulative risk | .28 | .11 | 8.61* | 1.32 | .29 | .11 | 10.57 + | 1.33 | .30 | .11 | 10.37 + | 1.36 |
| Poisson Regression Results | ||||||||||||
| Age 5/6 | Age 12/13 | Age 19/20 | ||||||||||
| Beta | SE | Wald | pR 2 | Beta | SE | Wald | pR 2 | Beta | SE | Wald | pR 2 | |
| Cigarettes per day | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | .02 | .09 | .00 | .02 | .02 | .08 | .03 | .15 | -.05 | .08 | .32 | .02 |
| Cumulative risk | .11 | .03 | 13.29* | .13 | .03 | 21.02 # | .07 | .03 | 5.53* | .11 | ||
| Cumulative outcome | ||||||||||||
| S/L impairment | .23 | .13 | 2.38 | .11 | .29 | .15 | 4.00* | .09 | .26 | .15 | 3.07 | .07 |
| Cumulative risk | .20 | .05 | 21.97 # | .20 | .05 | 18.53 # | .18 | .05 | 13.02 # | |||
Note: R 2 refers to variance explained by complete model; Wald = Wald χ2 statistic; OR = odds ratio; S/L impairment = speech/language impairment as assessed at age 5/6 years; pR 2 = pseudo-R 2 as calculated with Coxe, West, & Aiken’s (2009) formula 9. The pR 2 represents how much closer the model is accounting for all the variance as variables are added. (It is not comparable to the R 2 derived from ordinary least squares regression, which represents proportion of variance explained.) We derived pseudo-R 2 by comparing the complete model to a model where no predictor variables were entered.
* p < .05;
+ p < .01;
# p < .005