Fig 1. Identification of primary cohort.

Electronic medical records data were searched to identify 5,665 individuals exposed to vancomycin. Automated and manual algorithms were used to determine if each satisfied inclusion / exclusion criteria, as described in the methods, resulting in 882 confirmed cases. After exclusion of those without DNA, those who failed quality control (QC), and those of non-European-American ancestry, 745 individuals remained. Of those, 489 had serum creatinine measurements for the primary analysis.