Results showing manual response times in trials in which there was no target, for Experiment 1 (A), Experiment 2 (B), Experiment 3 (C), and Experiment 4 Car Targets (D) and Butterfly Targets (E). In Experiments 1, 3, and 4, the darkest gray lines with the diamond points represent the human faces, the medium gray lines with the square points represent the primate/macaque monkey faces, and the light gray lines with the triangle points represent the mammalian/sheep faces. In Experiment 2, the search instructions were to “find the face,” so there was no particular target-type. Numbers reflect the search slopes (ms/item); these are not reported for Experiment 4 because there were no significant differences across face distractor types, ps > .10. Error bars represent within-subjects standard error of the mean.