Table 1.

Behavioral Ethogram

	Behavior	Description
	States
	Social States
	Extended Groom	Examination, picking, or licking of another animal’s fur or body.
	Proximity	Animal is within arm’s reach of another animal.
	Extended Mount	Any instance of mounting.
	Non-Social States
	Nonsocial Activity	Animal remains out of all social states with head up, actively engaged in the environment.
	Nonsocial Inactivity	Animal remains out of all social states with head down, not engaged in environment, often staring off into space.
	Extended Pace	Repetitive, undirected walking or running with the same path repeated.
	Sleep States
	Sleep Social	Animal is asleep within arm’s reach of the other animal.
	Sleep Solo	Animal is asleep but is not within arm’s reach of the other animal.
	Events
	Total Communication
	Affiliative
	Approach	Intentional movement within arm’s reach of another animal.
	Accept Approach	Animal remains within arm’s reach after the other animal approaches.
	Coo *	Clear, soft sounds, moderate in pitch and intensity; usually sounds like “whoooooo..”
	Follow	Intentional follow of another animal.
	Groom	Examination, picking, or licking of another animal’s fur or body.
	Grunt	Deep, muffled, low-intensity vocalization.
	Lipsmack	Rapid lip movements with pursed or puckered lips, usually accompanied by smacking sounds.
	Huddle	Physical contact that involves one animal ventrally touching another animal.
	Joint Threat	Pair mate animals threaten other animals or observer together.
	Mount†	Mount that includes all of the following components: appropriate positioning of partner, hands on back, double foot clasp.
	Present Groom	Intentional presentation of neck, belly, or other part of body to another animal.
	Present Rump†	Rigid posture with rump and tail elevated and oriented toward another individual.
	Threat-Solicitation	Animal recruits the other animal in threatening the observer or another animal.
	Agonistic/”Aggression”
	Aggression	Grabbing, slapping, and biting of another animal.
	Displacement	Physical movement in which an animal “takes the place” of another animal.
	Threat	Contains one or more of the following components: open mouth stare, head bobbing, ear flaps, bark vocalizations, or lunges.
	Submission/”Fear”
	Avoid	Animal leaves the area when the other animal comes near or is about to approach.
	Grimace	Exaggerated movement of lips such that lips are pulled back with teeth showing.
	Flee	Rapid, intentional movement away from another animal.
	Freeze*	Stiff body posture without any movement for more than three seconds.
	Scream	High-pitched vocalization, with extreme high intensity; sounds like “eeeeeeeeee..”
	Exploration
	Manual	Exploration of the cage or environment with the hands.
	Mirror Use	Animal plays with or uses mirror.
	Oral	Exploration of the cage or environment with the mouth.
	Toy-Use	Exploration of toy.
	Stress
	Scratch	Scratches own body.
	Yawn	Yawn.
	Other Events
	Self Sex†	Anogenital exploration of self.
	Stereotypies
	Self-Directed
	Rock	Repetitive swaying back and forth.
	Salute	Animal covers hand over eye or eye pokes.
	Self-Clasp	Unusual holding of body part or limb.
	Self-Bite	Biting at oneself.
	Self-Strum	Animal pulls at or strokes fur but is not self-grooming
	Whole Body
	Backflip	Repetitive back flipping.
	Bounce	Repetitive hopping.
	Pace	Repetitive undirected movement with the same path repeated.
	Spin	Repetitive twirling.
	Swing	Repetitive swinging.
	Other
	Heat Twist	Animal twists neck in a dramatic display.
	Other Stereotypy	Repetitive motor or abnormal behavior patterns not described by any of the above definitions.

Note: In order to be scored in a “state” behavior must occur for three seconds.

^*Behavior was not scored for any monkey during the study.

^†Behaviors were included in the Sexual Behavior composite category.