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Cannabinoids have an unusual intracellular signaling activation profile in bovine corneal epithelial cells. (A) Instead of activating MAPK, WIN, and 2-AG dephosphorylate MAPK in bCECs. (B) Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition occurs rapidly and persists to 30 minutes. (C) 2-arachidonoylglycerol, but not WIN, reduces cAMP levels in forskolin-treated cells. (D) 2-arachidonoylglycerol activates Akt, but WIN does so only modestly at higher concentrations.
