Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
|
Study design |
Outcome |
Area |
Sexa |
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer site | No. of studies (cases in drinking categories/cases in reference category) | Cohort | C–C | Incidence | Death | Europe | North America | Asia | Others /mixed | M | W | M+W | Adjusted estimatesb | Occasional drinker in reference category |
| Oral cavity and pharynx | 52 (13 895/4942) | 5 | 47 | 49 | 3 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 29 | 9 | 20 | 41 | 20 |
| Oesophageal SCC | 54 (10 633/3685) | 13 | 41 | 47 | 7 | 13 | 13 | 23 | 5 | 31 | 9 | 19 | 32 | 21 |
| Oesophageal AC and gastric cardia | 25 (4247/1480) | 4 | 21 | 25 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 18 | 13 | 5 |
| Stomach | 39 (17 346/8612) | 19 | 20 | 33 | 5 | 12 | 8 | 16 | 3 | 20 | 7 | 17 | 27 | 7 |
| Small intestine | 5 (563/321) | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Colorectum | 66 (26 932/14 783) | 33 | 33 | 57 | 9 | 13 | 27 | 24 | 2 | 37 | 25 | 22 | 32 | 15 |
| Liver | 36 (8879/4086) | 9 | 27 | 30 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 18 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 19 | 14 | 7 |
| Gallbladder | 8 (410/470) | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
| Pancreas | 39 (14 935/12 391) | 18 | 21 | 30 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 20 | 15 | 16 | 28 | 7 |
| Larynx | 41 (7059/2575) | 3 | 38 | 40 | 1 | 20 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 25 | 3 | 15 | 21 | 22 |
| Lung | 34 (26 509/11 914) | 18 | 16 | 26 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 12 | 4 | 22 | 11 | 9 | 31 | 8 |
| Malignant melanoma | 14 (4631/1465) | 2 | 12 | 14 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 5 |
| Breast (female) | 118 (117 317/48 433) | 43 | 75 | 110 | 8 | 41 | 57 | 9 | 11 | 0 | 118 | 0 | 41 | 15 |
| Cervix | 5 (704/884) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Endometrium | 21 (8824/4646) | 8 | 13 | 21 | 0 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 9 | 1 |
| Ovary | 20 (10 382/5019) | 4 | 16 | 20 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 16 | 1 |
| Prostate | 43 (34 065/8593) | 20 | 23 | 39 | 4 | 11 | 24 | 5 | 3 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 11 |
| Bladder | 19 (7 190/3 473) | 3 | 16 | 19 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 5 |
| Kidney | 17 (9 111/3782) | 6 | 11 | 15 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Thyroid | 9 (2503/1582) | 6 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Brain | 6 (1366/442) | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | 9 (931/404) | 2 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 5 |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 24 (9534/4590) | 9 | 15 | 23 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 8 |
| Totalc | 572 (337 966/148 572) | 163 | 409 | 541 | 31 | 184 | 236 | 101 | 51 | 219 | 256 | 179 | 297 | 138 |
Abbreviations: AC=adenocarcinoma; C–C=case–control; M=men; SCC=squamous cell carcinoma; W=women.
a
Studies that reported gender-specific estimates were counted twice (in both M and W columns).
b
The site-specific list of main confounders considered is reported in Supplementary Material S2.
c
Fifty-six studies reported more than one site-specific estimate, and therefore numbers in columns do not sum up to totals (with the exception of the number of cases in brackets).