Table 3. Anti-diabetic medication exposure among liver cancer cases and controls stratified by length of diabetes history.
| Cases N (%) | Controls N (%) | Crude ORa 95% CI | Risk factor-adjusted ORb 95% CI | Duration of diabetes-adjusted ORc 95% CI | Risk factor- and duration of diabetes-adjusted ORd 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cases (N=103) and matched controls (N=203) with <5 years history of diabetes | ||||||
| Non-use | 45 (43.7) | 92 (45.3) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Metformin-only | 20 (19.4) | 53 (26.1) | 0.65 (0.32–1.33) | 0.87 (0.37–2.00) | 0.63 (0.30–1.21) | 0.74 (0.31–1.77) |
| Other OH-only | 17 (16.5) | 26 (12.8) | 1.80 (0.78–4.14) | 1.45 (0.54–3.85) | 1.73 (0.75–4.00) | 1.13 (0.41–3.10) |
| Metformin+other OH | 17 (16.5) | 25 (12.3) | 1.57 (0.70–3.51) | 2.98 (1.08–8.23) | 1.41 (0.61–3.24) | 2.27 (0.81–6.40) |
| Metformin+insulin | 1 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | e | e | e | e |
| Other OH+insulin | 1 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | e | e | e | e |
| Insulin | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.0) | e | e | e | e |
|
Cases (N=202) and matched controls (N=418) with ⩾5 years history of diabetes | ||||||
| Non-use | 34 (16.8) | 62 (14.8) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Metformin-only | 18 (8.9) | 56 (13.4) | 0.53 (0.26–1.07) | 0.57 (0.26–1.26) | 0.54 (0.26–1.11) | 0.56 (0.25–1.23) |
| Other OH-only | 23 (11.4) | 37 (8.9) | 1.05 (0.53–2.08) | 1.10 (0.51–2.39) | 0.92 (0.45–1.87) | 0.96 (0.44–2.12) |
| Metformin+other OH | 82 (40.6) | 195 (46.7) | 0.77 (0.46–1.27) | 0.97 (0.53–1.77) | 0.67 (0.39–1.15) | 0.83 (0.45–1.56) |
| Metformin+insulin | 37 (18.3) | 59 (14.1) | 0.99 (0.52–1.86) | 1.25 (0.57–2.73) | 0.84 (0.41–1.71) | 0.94 (0.40–2.18) |
| Other OH+insulin | 6 (3.0) | 5 (1.2) | e | e | e | e |
| Insulin | 2 (1.0) | 4 (1.0) | e | e | e | e |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; HBV=hepatitis B virus; HCV=hepatitis C virus; OH=oral hypoglycaemic; OR=odds ratio.
a
Conditional on matching factors.
b
Adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol-related disorders, HBV or HCV, rare metabolic disorders, statin and paracetamol use, conditional on matching factors.
c
Adjusted for duration of diabetes, conditional on matching factors.
d
Adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol-related disorders, HBV or HCV, rare metabolic disorders, statin and paracetamol use, and duration of diabetes, conditional on matching factors.
e
Too few cases/controls for meaningful comparisons.