Table 4.
Risk/odds of P. vivax infection in primigravidae compared to multigravidae and comparisons with P. falciparum risk in co-endemic areas
| Study | Country | Plasmodium vivax | Magnitude (95% CI) | Plasmodium falciparum | Magnitude (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brabin et al. (1990) | Papua New Guinea | Increaseda | IRR = 2·17 (0·74, 6·45)b | Increased | IRR = 1·26 (0·90, 1·75)b |
| Singh et al. (1995)c | India | Similar | OR = 0·88 (0·41, 1·88)b | Increased | OR = 2·44 (1·59, 3·75)b |
| Singh et al. (1998) | India | Increased | RR = 1·57 (0·83, 2·97) | Similar | RR = 0·98 (0·61, 1·60) |
| Nosten et al. (1999) | Thailand | Increased | OR = 1·63 (1·37, 2·06)d | N/A | N/A |
| Singh et al. (1999)c | India | Increased | OR = 1·28 (0·83, 1·96)b | Increased | OR = 1·54 (1·09, 2·13)b |
| Luxemburger et al. (2001) | Thailand | Similar | Data not shown | Increased | RR = 1·39 (1·13, 1·70)b |
| Singh et al. (2001) | India | Decreased | RR = 0·50 (0·18, 1·42)b | Decreased | RR = 0·80 (0·59, 1·07)b |
| Appleyard et al. (2008) | Solomon Islands | Similar | RR = 1·03 (0·11, 9·35)b | Increased | RR = 2·69 (1·08, 6·71)b |
| Poespoprodjo et al. (2008) | Indonesia | Increased | OR = 1·4 (1·0, 2·0) | Increased | OR = 1·4 (1·0, 1·8) |
| Fowkes et al. (2012) | Thailand | Increased | OR = 1·89 (1·04, 3·33) | Increased | OR = 1·72(0·97, 3·03) |
NB – ratios within 0·2 of 1 were considered similar to 1. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio; N/A, not available. All measures of association are unadjusted unless otherwise specified.
a
Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae.
b
Calculated from data in paper.
c
Women in study restricted to those with history of fever.
d
Adjusted for age, location, gestational age at first visit, compliance to attendance at the antenatal clinic.