Table 1.
Characteristics of study population
| Men | Women | Both gender | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 72.8 ± 5.0 | 72.0 ± 5.2 | 72.4 ± 5.1 | 0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 72.1 ± 4.6 | 71.7 ± 5.0 | 71.9 ± 4.8 | 0.092 |
| Loss to follow-up | 74.8 ± 5.7* | 73.4 ± 5.7* | 74.2 ± 5.7* | 0.011 |
| All (fifth year FU)b | 75.8 ± 4.6 | 75.4 ± 5.0 | 75.6 ± 4.9 | 0.129 |
| Education level (secondary school or above) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 374 (38.3) | 189 (18.3) | 563 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 295 (40.1) | 159 (19.2) | 454 (29.1) | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 79 (32.8)* | 30 (14.8) | 109 (24.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 23.4 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 0.004 |
| Remained in follow-up | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 0.024 |
| Loss to follow-up | 23.0 ± 3.3* | 23.6 ± 3.7 | 23.3 ± 3.5* | 0.109 |
| All (fifth year FU)b | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 23.8 ± 3.6 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 0.008 |
| Current smoker | ||||
| All (baseline) | 121 (12.4) | 23 (2.2) | 144 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 84 (11.4) | 15 (1.8) | 99 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 37 (15.3) | 8 (3.9) | 45 (10.1)* | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (PASE total score) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 94.8 ± 49.3 | 89.7 ± 35.0 | 92.2 ± 42.6 | 0.008 |
| Remained in follow-up | 99.4 ± 49.9 | 90.5 ± 35.1 | 94.7 ± 42.9 | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 80.9 ± 44.7* | 86.3 ± 34.4 | 83.4 ± 40.4* | 0.149 |
| All (fifth year FU)b | 99.8 ± 46.8 | 100.5 ± 39.3 | 100.2 ± 43.0 | 0.735 |
| Cognitive function (probable dementia, CSI-D score <28.4) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 54 (5.5) | 222 (21.6) | 276 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 22 (3.0) | 166 (20.1) | 188 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 32 (13.3)* | 56 (27.6)* | 88 (19.8)* | <0.001 |
| Telomere length (kb) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 9.3 ± 2.3 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 9.4 ± 2.3 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 9.3 ± 2.3 | 9.0 ± 2.0 | 0.007 |
| Grip strength (kg) | ||||
| All (baseline) | 34.04 ± 6.8 | 22.3 ± 4.56 | 28.0 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| Remained in follow-up | 34.9 ± 6.6 | 22.4 ± 4.5 | 28.3 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Loss to follow-up | 31.4 ± 6.7* | 21.5 ± 4.8* | 26.9 ± 7.7* | <0.001 |
| All (fifth year FU)b | 31.7 ± 6.4 | 20.5 ± 4.5 | 25.8 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). Percentages may not add up to 100 % due to rounding
BMI body mass index, CSI-D Community Screening Instrument of Dementia, FU follow-up, PASE Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly
*p value <0.05 of t test for continuous variables or chi-square for categorical variables comparing subjects remained in (n = 1,562) and loss to follow-up (n = 444)
a p value of t test for continuous variables or chi-square for categorical variables comparing men and women
bData are based on valid case (n) observed at fifth year FU, for age (years) (n = 1,562), BMI (kg/m2) (n = 1,560), PASE score (n = 1,561), and grip strength (kg) (n = 1,562)