Fig. 3.

Effect of astaxanthin (AX) on the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of NF-κB/p65. After 30 min of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, the quantity of NF-κB/p65 in the cytoplasm and the nucleus was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (a) When administered preventatively, AX significantly increased the NF-κB/p65 content in the cytoplasm (Pre-AX group) compared with the control group (**p<0.01) (left). In addition, NF-κB/p65 in the nucleus was decreased in the Pre-AX group compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant (right) (n = 5). (b) When AX was administered as a curative treatment after inflammation stimulation, there was no significant difference in NF-κB/p65 content in the cytoplasm and the nucleus from the control group (left, right) (n = 5).