Figure 1.

Schematic representation of glutamine metabolic rewiring. Glutamine imported via Slc1a5 enters in a complex metabolic pathway, described in the text, so that both its carbon and nitrogen are utilized to promote growth and survival of cancer cells. AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; ACL, ATP citrate lyase; Akg, α-ketoglutarate; Ala, alanine; Arg, arginine; Asn, asparagine; Asp, aspartate; Cit, citrate; Cys, cysteine; FFA, fatty acids; Fum, Fumarate; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; Gly, glycine; GOT, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GSH, glutathione reduced; GSSG, glutathione oxidized; Isocit, isocitrate; Mal, malate; MDH 1 and 2, malate dehydrogenase; ME, malic enzyme; NEAA, non-essential amino acids; NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; Oaa, oxalacetate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDHKs, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases; Pyr, pyruvate; ROS, reactive species oxygen; Succ, succinate