Figure 2. Fitness changes in melanic insects are independent of origin (A), variation type (B), and temporal expression pattern (C–D) of melanism.

A. Laboratory (left, n = 5 cases) vs. nature (right, n = 7 cases) origin; B. Continuous (left, n = 3) vs. discontinuous (right, n = 9 cases); C. larvae (left, n = 6 cases) vs. pupae (middle, n = 3 cases) vs. adult (right, n = 4 cases); D. Adult (left, n = 4) vs. immature (right, n = 9). Fisher’s exact tests are performed to test if the left and right pies of each composite figure are significantly different from each other (See Table 5).