Table 2.

Evidence for Tissue/Blood Borne Molecules in Torpid Animals that Induce a Protective Mechanism

Source Species	Source Tissue	Pharmacologic Effect	Target Species	Target Tissue	Administered	Reference
TLS	brown fat	decreases primary immune response	hamster	spleen fragments	cell culture	[139]
AL	brain extract	decreases metabolism and Tb*to4°C	rat	systemic	iv	[23,24]
TLS	brain extract	decrease metabolism	rat	systemic	iv	[26]
AL	brain extract	decreases metabolism and Tb	mouse	systemic	iv	[25]
TLS	brain extract	decreases cell division	Chinese hamster	ovary cells (CHO)	cell culture	[87]
JGS, AGS	brain and small intestine epitheluim	decreases brain temperature and awake state; increases slow wave sleep	mouse	brain	ip	[27–29]
JGS	plasma	decreases metabolism	mouse	systemic	ip	[31]
JGS	urine	decreases Tb	mouse	systemic	ip	[31]
TLS	plasma	increases intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and monocyte adhesion	rat	cerebral microvascular endothelial cells	cell culture	[141]
BB	serum	increases protection from ischemia-reperfusion	rabbit	heart	perfuse	[12]
TLS, WC	plasma	decreases cell proliferation suggesting mechanism of immunosuppression	mouse	spleenocytes	cell culture	[140]

^*T_b = body temperature; AL = African lungfish