Table 3. Mixed-Model Linear Regression Analyses for Changes in Physical Activity and Dietary Outcomes Predicted by Psychosocial Construct Changes, HUB City Steps, 2010^a .

Psychosocial Constructs	Physical Activity				Dietb
	Steps/d		Fitness		Sugar		Fiber
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Treatment self-regulationc
External regulation	NS	—	NS	—	0.2	0.08	0.2	0.07
Introjected regulation	NS	—	NS	—	−0.4	0.14	NS
Motivation	NS	—	NS	—	NS		NS
Amotivation	NA	—	NA	—	NS		NS
Covariatesd	NS	—	BOV	—	Sex, income, BMI, BOV		Sex, BOV
Processes of change, behavioralc
Stimulus control	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Helping relationships	NS	—	−2.8	1.15	—	—	—	—
Reinforcement management	NS	—	3.6	1.81	—	—	—	—
Counter-conditioning	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Covariatesd	NS	—	BOV	—	—	—	—	—
Processes of change, cognitivec
Consciousness raising	NS	—	4.0	1.54	—	—	—	—
Environmental reevaluation	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Social liberation	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Self-reevaluation	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Covariatesd	NS	—	BOV	—	—	—	—	—
Social support, coachc
Guidance	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Reliable alliance	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Reassurance of worth	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Covariatesd	NS	—	BOV	—	—	—	—	—
Social support, groupc
Guidance	−153	75.7	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Reliable alliance	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Social integration	NS	—	NS	—	—	—	—	—
Covariatesd	NS	—	BOV	—	—	—	—	—

Abbreviations: —, not assessed; BMI, body mass index; BOV, baseline outcome value; NA, not applicable (unacceptable scale internal consistency); NS, nonsignificant; SE, standard error.

^a Fitness changes = 3 months minus baseline and 6 months minus baseline; steps per day changes = intervention weeks 3–27 minus weeks 1–2. Nonsignificant variables were removed from the model.

^b None of the psychosocial constructs were significant for the calcium, dairy, and fruit and vegetable models.

^c The interviewer-administered psychosocial instruments included measures of self-determination theory (treatment self-regulation for PA and for diet; 15 items each, 4 subscales: amotivation, external regulation, introjection, identification and integration; score range, 30–150 [13]), processes of change for PA (30 items, 10 subscales: stimulus control, social liberation, reinforcement management, helping relationships, counter conditioning, self-liberation, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, dramatic relief, and consciousness raising; score range, 30–150 [14]), and social support from walking group (11 items, 3 subscales: guidance, reliable alliance, reassurance of worth) and from coach for PA (12 items, 3 subscales: guidance, reliable alliance, social integration; score range for both, 23–115 [15]).

^d Included time, age, sex, marital status, education, smoking status, income, baseline BMI, and baseline outcome value. Only significant covariates reported.