Table 3.
Relationship of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to other chronic conditions among adults aged >18 years, by cigarette smoking status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011
| Never Smokera
|
Former Smokerb
|
Current Smokerc
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Disease | Age-adjusted % (95% CI) | Multivariable PR (95% CI) d | Age-adjusted % (95% CI) | Multivariable PR (95% CI) d | Age-adjusted % (95% CI) | Multivariable PR (95% CI)d |
| Arthritis | ||||||
| No COPD | 20.5 (20.2, 20.8) | 1.0 (referent) | 24.5 (24.0, 25.1) | 1.0 (referent) | 26.1 (25.4, 26.8) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 45.0 (42.3, 47.8) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 51.0 (45.7, 56.3) | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 50.8 (48.3, 53.2) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
| Asthma | ||||||
| No COPD | 11.5 (11.2, 11.9) | 1.0 (referent) | 12.5 (11.7, 13.3) | 1.0 (referent) | 12.6 (12.0, 13.4) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 52.3 (48.8, 55.8) | 4.6 (4.3, 4.8) | 51.8 (46.7, 56.9) | 4.0 (3.8, 4.2) | 44.3 (41.2, 47.4) | 3.6 (3.3, 3.8) |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No COPD | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6) | 1.0 (referent) | 6.8 (6.4, 7.2) | 1.0 (referent) | 6.0 (5.7, 6.4) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 11.1 (9.4, 13.1) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 13.4 (11.1, 16.0) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 13.8 (12.3, 15.5) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) |
| Coronary heart disease | ||||||
| No COPD | 4.2 (4.0, 4.3) | 1.0 (referent) | 6.8 (6.5, 7.1) | 1.0 (referent) | 6.9 (6.5, 7.3) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 14.6 (13.1, 16.3) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.1) | 16.6 (14.8, 18.5) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 19.1 (17.2, 21.2) | 2.4 (2.2, 2.6) |
| Depression | ||||||
| No COPD | 12.2 (11.9, 12.6) | 1.0 (referent) | 18.0 (17.1, 18.9) | 1.0 (referent) | 24.3 (23.5, 25.1) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 34.3 (31.2, 37.5) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | 39.4 (34.9, 44.2) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 49.2 (46.1, 52.2) | 1.6 (1.6, 1.7) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No COPD | 8.8 (8.6, 9.1) | 1.0 (referent) | 10.6 (10.2, 11.1) | 1.0 (referent) | 9.2 (8.7, 9.6) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 19.5 (17.0, 22.2) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | 17.8 (15.7, 20.0) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 16.6 (15.0, 18.3) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) |
| High blood pressure | ||||||
| No COPD | 29.1 (28.8, 29.5) | 1.0 (referent) | 33.1 (32.4, 33.8) | 1.0 (referent) | 33.0 (32.1, 33.8) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 48.5 (45.1, 52.1) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4) | 49.3 (43.3, 55.3) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.2) | 44.2 (41.8, 46.7) | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) |
| High cholesterol | ||||||
| No COPD | 31.0 (30.7, 31.4) | 1.0 (referent) | 35.6 (34.9, 36.4) | 1.0 (referent) | 34.5 (33.8, 35.3) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 45.6 (42.3, 48.9) | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 49.0 (42.9, 55.1) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 51.4 (48.4, 54.4) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4) |
| Kidney disease | ||||||
| No COPD | 2.1 (2.0, 2.3) | 1.0 (referent) | 2.5 (2.8, 2.8) | 1.0 (referent) | 2.4 (2.1, 2.6) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 6.3 (5.3, 7.5) | 2.4 (2.1, 2.8) | 7.6 (5.1, 11.0) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.2) | 5.6 (4.5, 6.8) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
| Stroke | ||||||
| No COPD | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 1.0 (referent) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 1.0 (referent) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.6) | 1.0 (referent) |
| COPD | 6.4 (5.3, 7.7) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.5) | 6.1 (4.8, 7.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) | 8.9 (7.7, 10.3) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.4) |
Respondents who smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime were considered never smokers.
Respondents who smoked at least 100 cigarettes and reported smoking not at all at the time of interview were considered former smokers.
Respondents who smoked at least 100 cigarettes and reported smoking every day or on some days at the time of interview were considered current smokers.
Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained from separate multivariable log-linear regression models that included age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, household income, and health insurance coverage as covariates.