Table 4.

Relationship of all possible combinations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cigarette smoking status categories to other chronic conditions among adults aged ≥18 years: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011

COPD × Smoking Status	Chronic Disease Multivariable PR (95% CI)a
	Arthritis
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.2 (1.2, 1.2)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.2 (1.2, 1.2)
COPD/Never Smokerb	1.8 (1.7, 1.8)
COPD/Former Smokerc	1.6 (1.5, 1.6)
COPD/Current Smokerd	1.8 (1.7, 1.9)
	Asthma
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
COPD/Never Smokerb	4.5 (4.3, 4.8)
COPD/Former Smokerc	4.3 (4.1, 4.6)
COPD/Current Smokerd	3.7 (3.5, 3.9)
	Cancer
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)
COPD/Never Smokerb	1.5 (1.4, 1.7)
COPD/Former Smokerc	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)
COPD/Current Smokerd	2.0 (1.8, 2.2)
	Coronary heart disease
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.5 (1.4, 1.5)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)
COPD/Never Smokerb	3.0 (2.7, 3.3)
COPD/Former Smokerc	2.7 (2.5, 2.9)
COPD/Current Smokerd	3.1 (2.9, 3.4)
	Depression
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)
COPD/Never Smokerb	2.3 (2.1, 2.4)
COPD/Former Smokerc	2.3 (2.2, 2.4)
COPD/Current Smokerd	2.6 (2.5, 2.8)
	Diabetes
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.2 (1.1, 1.2)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
COPD/Never Smokerb	1.7 (1.6, 1.9)
COPD/Former Smokerc	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)
COPD/Current Smokerd	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)
	High blood pressure
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.1 (1.1, 1.1)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
COPD/Never Smokerb	1.4 (1.4, 1.5)
COPD/Former Smokerc	1.3 (1.2, 1.3)
COPD/Current Smokerd	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)
	High cholesterol
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
COPD/Never Smokerb	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)
COPD/Former Smokerc	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)
COPD/Current Smokerd	1.4 (1.4, 1.5)
	Kidney disease
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.2 (1.1, 1.3)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
COPD/Never Smokerb	2.5 (2.2, 2.9)
COPD/Former Smokerc	2.2 (1.9, 2.5)
COPD/Current Smokerd	2.8 (1.6, 2.1)
	Stroke
No COPD/Never Smokerb	1.0 (referent)
No COPD/Former Smokerc	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)
No COPD/Current Smokerd	1.5 (1.3, 1.6)
COPD/Never Smokerb	2.3 (2.0, 2.7)
COPD/Former Smokerc	2.2 (1.9, 2.4)
COPD/Current Smokerd	2.9 (2.6, 3.2)

^aPrevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained from separate multivariable log-linear regression models for each chronic condition that included all possible combinations of COPD and status smoking categories as a predictor when entered simultaneously with age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, household income, and health insurance coverage as covariates.

^bRespondents who smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime were considered never smokers.

^cRespondents who smoked at least 100 cigarettes and reported smoking not at all at the time of interview were considered former smokers.

^dRespondents who smoked at least 100 cigarettes and reported smoking every day or on some days at the time of interview were considered current smokers.