Table 1. Maternal and Child Risk Factors.
| Factor | Total N = 15,451 | Referent (First Quartile) a N = 3,604 | Second Quartile a N = 3,905 | Third Quartile a N = 3,791 | Fourth Quartile a N = 4,151 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s age (years) b | 28.6 ± 5.8 | 28.8 ± 5.8 | 28.7 ± 5.8 | 28.6 ± 5.7 | 28.3 ± 5.8 |
| Mother’s Education (% high school graduate/GED) b | 22.7% | 22.1% | 22.5% | 22.6% | 23.6% |
| Pre-Pregnancy Weight (lbs) b | 153.8 ± 39.1 | 152.6 ± 38.2 | 152.9 ± 38.2 | 155.2 ± 40.2 | 154.7 ± 39.9 |
| Race (% African American) b | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 3.4% | 4.1% |
| WIC (% assistance) b | 32.1% | 29.6% | 31.0% | 33.6% | 34.1% |
| Prenatal care (% at least one visit) | 99.5% | 99.5% | 99.5% | 99.5% | 99.3% |
| Presence of gestational diabetes | 4.1% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 4.3% | 3.9% |
| Cigarette smoking during pregnancy b | 20.0% | 19.6% | 18.8% | 19.9% | 21.7% |
| Gestational age (weeks) b | 38.7 ± 1.9 | 38.6 ± 1.9 | 38.8 ± 1.8 | 38.7 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 1.9 |
| Birth weight (g) b | 3345.8 ± 549.2 | 3343.9 ± 543.9 | 3370.4 ± 540.5 | 3345.4 ± 553.5 | 3323.1 ± 558.2 |
| Small for gestational age b | 5.5% | 4.8% | 5.2% | 5.6% | 6.5% |
| Premature b | 7.7% | 8.0% | 6.7% | 8.4% | 7.9% |
| Congenital anomalies b | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% |
| Percent female | 48.5% | 48.7% | 48.3% | 48.6% | 48.5% |
| Birth parity (first) | 42.7% | 42.8% | 41.7% | 42.2% | 44.1% |
aReferent (First quartile), <0.87 wells per mile; Second quartile, 0.87 to 2.59 wells per mile; Third quartile, 2.60 to 5.99 wells per mile; Fourth quartile, ≥6.00 wells per mile.
bDifference between quartiles is significant (p<0.05).