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25 Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)
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Major circulating metabolite of vitamin D used as a biomarker of vitamin D status [51] |
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Brain Natriuretic Peptide
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Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone predictive of cardiovascular events which is secreted from cardiomyocytes together with N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NTproBNP) which is biologically inactive but has a longer half-life [37]. |
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Carrier Proteins
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Albumin is associated with inflammation [44]. Ferritin reflects levels of boy iron stores [46]. Haemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells and Transthyretin (TTR) is a carrier of thyroxine and a marker of nutritional status [30]. |
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Cell Adhesion Molecules
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Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin and CD40-ligand are all markers of intercellular adhesion [47]. |
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Cholesterol Fractions
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Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) are atherogenic and can reflect risk of cardiovascular disease [32]. Non High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (non HDL-C is the difference between TC and HDL-C concentration and contains all of the known, potentially atherogenic lipid particles [30, 32]. |
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Cystatin C
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Cystatin C is a marker of glomerular filtration rate and predictive of risk of cardiovascular events [51]. |
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Cytokines/Cytokine Receptors
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Interleukin 1b (IL-1b), Interleukin 4 Soluble Receptor (IL-4sr), Interleukin 8, (IL-8), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFa) are cytokines which are markers of inflammatory response [31]. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP1) is a chemokine involved in inflammatory response [47]. |
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Enzymes
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Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a marker of extra cellular matrix regulation [48]. Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme released during the immune response [47]. Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a marker of inflammatory response and oxidative stress [47]. |
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Erythrocytes
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is used as a marker of inflammation [42]. |
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Glycoproteins
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Alpha 1-acid Glycoprotein (AAG) is an acute phase inflammatory marker [30]. Fibrinogen is marker of renal function [51] and inflammation [47], Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMP1), Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein which binds sex hormones [42]. Transferrin binds iron [46]. |
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Homocysteine
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Homocysteine is associated with kidney function [51] |
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Hormones
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Cortisol is an immunosuppressant produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis [42]. Testosterone is a steroid hormone and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a pituitary hormone [41]. |
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Inflammatory-related Protein and Receptors
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C-Reactive Proteins (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced in response to inflammation [30] however there is some debate about the utility of CRP as an independent predictor of mortality risk (e.g. [53, 54, 55]. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor KappaB Ligand (RANKL) are involved in bone mass regulation and vascular remodelling [45]. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) reflects inflammatory and immune responses [33]. Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor II (TNFRII) is a cytokine involved in the acute-phase response [47]. |
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Metabolites
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Creatinine is used as a marker of renal function and is associated with risk of cardiovascular events [51]. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) is a marker of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and mortality risk [42]. Serum Uric Acid (SUA) is a marker of renal function [51] and is controversially related to cardiovascular events [40]. |
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Procollagen Type III Aminoterminal Peptide (PIIINP)
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PIIINP is a marker of collagen turnover [48]. |
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils are white cells involved in immune response [42], WBC Count is marker of systemic inflammation [41]. |
