Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Diet (Prescribed) | 35% Carb | 45% Carb | 55% Carb | 65% Carb | All | P Valuea,b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Carbohydrates | 35 | 45 | 55 | 65 | ||
| % Protein | 25 | 15 | 25 | 15 | ||
| % Fat | 40 | 40 | 20 | 20 | ||
| n | 102 | 107 | 108 | 107 | 424 | |
| Age, y | 52.2 ± 8.6 | 52.1 ± 9.3 | 52.1 ± 9.3 | 51.0 ± 8.6 | 51.8 ± 8.9 | .738 |
| Sex (F/M), n | 58/44 | 58/49 | 66/42 | 60/47 | 242/182 | .769 |
| BMD data | ||||||
| Vertebral | 1.039 ± 0.146 | 1.058 ± 0.140 | 1.068 ± 0.144 | 1.070 ± 0.146 | 1.059 ± 0.144 | .404 |
| TH | 1.028 ± 0.152 | 1.017 ± 0.136 | 1.006 ± 0.125 | 1.020 ± 0.128 | 1.018 ± 0.135 | .706 |
| FN | 0.852 ± 0.146 | 0.836 ± 0.123 | 0.841 ± 0.126 | 0.847 ± 0.118 | 0.844 ± 0.128 | .827 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||||
| Height, cm | 170.0 ± 9.5 | 168.9 ± 9.2 | 168.1 ± 8.6 | 169.6 ± 8.5 | 169.1 ± 8.9 | .427 |
| Weight, kg | 95.8 ± 17.8 | 93.6 ± 16.1 | 91.5 ± 13.0 | 94.4 ± 15.7 | 93.8 ± 15.7 | .244 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.0 ± 4.2 | 32.6 ± 3.8 | 32.3 ± 3.6 | 32.7 ± 3.7 | 32.6 ± 3.8 | .719 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 105.5 ± 13.5 | 104.8 ± 13.4 | 103.4 ± 11.3 | 104.5 ± 13.6 | 104.5 ± 13.0 | .704 |
| Body fat, % | 37.3 ± 6.7 | 37.1 ± 7.1 | 37.6 ± 6.8 | 36.5 ± 6.7 | 37.1 ± 6.8 | .678 |
| FM, kg | 35.5 ± 8.3 | 34.5 ± 7.6 | 34.2 ± 7.5 | 34.3 ± 8.3 | 34.6 ± 7.9 | .619 |
| LM, kg | 60.3 ± 14.2 | 59.1 ± 13.7 | 57.3 ± 11.0 | 60.1 ± 12.5 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | .295 |
| VATc | 5.0 ± 2.5 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 5.4 ± 2.5 | .548 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissued | 10.6 ± 2.6 | 11.6 ± 2.5 | 11.0 ± 2.8 | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 11.1 ± 2.6 | .363 |
| Female hormone use, n | 58 | 58 | 66 | 60 | 242 | |
| Hormone replacement therapye | 12 (27.9%) | 11 (28.2%) | 17 (41.5%) | 15 (50.0%) | 55 (35.9%) | .778 |
| Oral contraceptivesf | 3 (20.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (16.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 12 (13.5%) | .142 |
| Dietary datag | ||||||
| Energy, kcal | 2025 ± 598 | 2027 ± 602 | 1879 ± 581 | 2071 ± 496 | 2000 ± 573 | .122 |
| % Protein | 18 ± 3 | 18 ± 3 | 18 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | 18 ± 3 | .872 |
| % Carbohydrates | 44 ± 7a | 44 ± 7 | 47 ± 8b | 44 ± 8 | 45 ± 8 | .035 |
| % Fat | 38 ± 6a | 37 ± 5 | 36 ± 6b | 38 ± 6 | 37 ± 6 | .027 |
| Alcohol, g | 6 ± 9 | 7 ± 9 | 4 ± 7 | 6 ± 8 | 6 ± 8 | .147 |
| Smoking (current/past/never), % | 5/42/53 | 4/41/55 | 2/25/73 | 4/43/53 | 4/38/59 | .033 |
| Physical activity ratioh | 1.58 ± 0.11 | 1.58 ± 0.10 | 1.57 ± 0.11 | 1.58 ± 0.11 | 1.58 ± 0.11 | .956 |
| Dietary calcium, mg/d | 901 ± 561 | 959 ± 486 | 867 ± 402 | 971 ± 605 | 925 ± 519 | .421 |
| Urinary nitrogen,g | 12.9 ± 5.0 | 12.0 ± 4.3 | 11.7 ± 4.1 | 13.0 ± 3.8 | 12.3 ± 4.3 | .065 |
Abbreviations: Carb, carbohydrate; F, female; M, male. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, unless specified otherwise. Bold indicates significant values (P < .05).
a,b
Values are significantly different from one another at P < .10 after using Scheffe's adjustment for multiple comparisons.
c
n = 194.
d
n = 165.
e
n = 153 (43 on 35%; 39 on 45%; 41 on 55%; 30 on 65%).
f
n = 89 (15 on 35%; 19 on 45%; 25 on 55%; 30 on 65%).
g
Baseline data are from the average of five diet records available for n = 359 at baseline (85%).
h
Physical activity was estimated using the Baecke Questionable.