Table 1.
G6PD status, partner drugs, gametocyte status at onset, and PQ dose and treatment schedule
| Comparator | Trial | Comparison | Place | G6PD status | Parasite species | Partner or alternative drug | Proportion with gametocytes at onset (by microscopy unless noted) | PQ day(s)* | Target PQ dose per day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-artemisinin partner | |||||||||
| CQ or (CQ+SP) | Kamtekar 2004 | a | India (Mumbai) | Not screened | Pf only | CQ days 1 to 3 or CQ days 1 to 3 + SP day 1 | 100% (within 3 days) (N = 46) | day 4 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) |
| Khoo 1981 | Malaysia (Sabah) | Only deficient (method: Brewer's methaemoglobin reduction test) | Pf, Pv or mixed | CQ days 1 to 3 | Not reported | days 1 to 3 | 25 mg (˜0.42 mg/kg) | ||
| Kolaczinski 2012 | a | Pakistan (3 Afghan refugee camps) | Not reported | Pf only | CQ days 1 to 3 | 17.8% (N = 152) | day 3 | 0.5 mg/kg | |
| Ledermann 2006 | a | Indonesia (Central Java) | Only non-deficient (method: semiquantitative glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) assay) | Pf only | CQ days 1 to 3 + SP day 1 | Not reported (N = 60) | day 1 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | |
| Ledermann 2006 | b | Indonesia (Central Java) | Only non-deficient (method: semiquantitative glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) assay) | Pf only | CQ days 1 to 3 + SP day 1 | Not reported (N = 60) | day 3 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | |
| SP | Kolaczinski 2012 | b | Pakistan (2 Afghan refugee camps) | Not reported | Pf only | SP day 1 | 27.1% (N = 85) | day 1 | 0.5 mg/kg |
| AQ+SP | Arango 2012 | a | Colombia | Not reported | Pf only | AQ days 1 to 3 + SP day 1 | 22.5% (N = 40) | day 2 | 0.75 mg/kg |
| MQ or (MQ+SP) | Chen 1993a | China | Not reported | Pf only | MQ day 1 | 100% (N = 12) | day 1 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | |
| Chen 1994 | China (Hainan province) | Not reported | Pf only | MQ day 1 | 100% (N = 18) | day 1 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | ||
| Singhasivanon 1994 | Thailand (Bangkok) | Not reported | Pf only | MQ+SP fixed day 1 | Not reported (N = 18) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | ||
| QN | Kamtekar 2004 | b | India (Mumbai) | Not screened | Pf only | QN i.v. days 1 to 2 and orally days 1 to 7 | 100% (within 3 days) (N = 43) | day 8 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) |
| Pukrittayakamee 2004 | a | Thailand | Patients with G6PD deficiency were excluded from getting PQ (method not reported) | Pf only | QN days 1 to 7 | 18.6% (N = 59) | days 1 to 7 | 0.25 mg base/kg | |
| Pukrittayakamee 2004 | b | Thailand | Patients with G6PD deficiency were excluded from getting PQ (method not reported) | Pf only | QN days 1 to 7 | 22.4% (N = 67) | days 1 to 7 | 0.5 mg base/kg | |
| Artemisinin-based partner | |||||||||
| AS or ACT | Arango 2012 | b | Colombia | Not reported | Pf only | AS+MQ days 1 to 3 | 17.1% (N = 42) | day 2 | 0.75 mg/kg |
| El-Sayed 2007 | Sudan (east) | Not reported | Pf only | AS+SP days 1 to 3 | 3.8% (N = 104) 11.6% PCR (N = 95) | day 4 | 0.75 mg/kg | ||
| Eziefula 2013 | a | Uganda | Patients without normal G6PD were excluded (method fluoresence spot test) | Pf only | AL days 1 to 3 | 24.3% (N = 115) 86.7% PCR (N = 113) | day 3 | 0.1 mg/kg | |
| Eziefula 2013 | b | Uganda | Patients without normal G6PD were excluded (method fluoresence spot test) | Pf only | AL days 1 to 3 | 20.4% (N = 113) 78.7% PCR (N = 108) | day 3 | 0.4 mg/kg | |
| Eziefula 2013 | c | Uganda | Patients without normal G6PD were excluded (method fluoresence spot test) | Pf only | AL days 1 to 3 | 22.4% (N = 116) 82.0% PCR (N = 111) | day 3 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Pukrittayakamee 2004 | c | Thailand | Patients with G6PD deficiency were excluded from getting PQ (method not reported) | Pf only | AS days 1 to 7 | 26.0% (N = 50) | days 1 to 7 | 0.5 mg base/kg | |
| Shekalaghe 2007 | Tanzania (North east) | Screened and all included (method: detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human G6PD gene (G202A,A376G) by a simple high throughput PCR using sequence specific oligo-nucleotide probes (SSOPs) and ELISA testing) | Pf only | AS+SP days 1 to 3 | 22.6% (N = 106) 87.7% PCR (N = 106) | day 4 | 0.75 mg/kg | ||
| Smithuis 2010 | a | Myanmar (3 states) | Not screened | Pf or mixed | AS+AQ days 1 to 3 | 34% (N = 155) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Smithuis 2010 | b | Myanmar (3 states) | Not screened | Pf or mixed | AL days 1 to 3 | 33% (N = 152) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Smithuis 2010 | c | Myanmar (3 states) | Not screened | Pf or mixed | AS+MQ fixed dose days 1 to 3 | 30% (N = 169) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Smithuis 2010 | d | Myanmar (3 states) | Not screened | Pf or mixed | AS days 1 to 3 + MQ day 1 loose | 29% (N = 161) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Smithuis 2010 | e | Myanmar (3 states) | Not screened | Pf or mixed | DHAP days 1 to 3 | 38% (N = 161) | day 1 | 0.75 mg/kg | |
| Sutanto 2013 | Indonesia (south Sumatra) | Screened and only normals included (method: qualitative test) | Pf only | DHAP days 1 to 3 | 20.6% (on day 3) (N = 349) | day 3 | 0.75 mg/kg | ||
| Vasquez 2009 | Colombia (Antioquia) | Not reported | Pf only | AS+MQ days 1 to 3 (MQ only on day 2 for children < 6) | 20.0% (N = 50) | day 3 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | ||
| Wang 2006 | Gabon | Not reported | Pf | AS i.m. days 1 to 5 | Not reported (N = 204) | days 1 to 5 | 22.5 mg (˜0.38 mg/kg) | ||
| Comparison of different 8AQ | |||||||||
| PQ versus Bulaquine | Gogtay 2004 | India (Mumbai) | Only non-deficient (method: not stated) | Pf | QN + doxycycline days 1 to 7 + BQ day 4 | 100% (N = 22) | day 4 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | |
| Gogtay 2006 | India | Only non-deficient (method: not stated) | Pf | QN + doxycycline days 1 to 7 + BQ day 4 | 100% (N = 93) | day 4 | 45 mg (˜0.75 mg/kg) | ||
* first day of any treatment = day 1
Abbreviations: G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; PQ = primaquine; CQ = chloroquine; SP = sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; MQ = mefloquine; QN = quinine; AS = artesunate; ACT = artemisinin-based combination therapy; 8AQ: 8-aminoquinoline; AQ = amodiaquine; AL = artemether-lumefantrine; DHAP = dihydroxyartemisinin-piperaquine; BQ = bulaquine; i.v. = intravenous injection; i.m. = intramuscular injection; Pf = P. falciparum; Pv = P. vivax.