Table 4.

Impact of intellectual quotient (IQ), gender, and age on executive functioning in Down syndrome participants.

	Down syndrome
	Intelligence Quotient (<40 vs. ≥ 40)			Gender (female vs. male)			Age
	Estimatea	95% CIb	p-values	Estimatec	95% CI	p-values	Estimated	95% CI	p-values
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS
Verbal fluency
Semantic word fluency	−2.6	[−4.4; −0.8]	0.006**	−0.1	[−1.9; 1.7]	0.87	0.1	[−0.1; 0.3]	0.29
Working memory
SSP visual span backwards	−0.8	[−1.4; −0.1]	0.02*	0.7	[0.05; 1.4]	0.03*	0.03	[−0.04; 0.1]	0.42
Digit span backwards	−0.3	[0.86; 0.15]	0.16	0.43	[−0.1; 0.9]	0.09	−0.01	[0.04; 0.6]	0.64
Planning
ToLDx: total correct score	−1.0	[−1.6; −0.5]	<0.001***	0.9	[0.4; 1.5]	0.002**	−0.03	[−0.1; 0.03]	0.36
ToLDx: total move score	26.3	[10.0; 42.7]	0.002**	−20.9	[−37.2; −4.6]	0.01*	0.9	[−1.0; 2.8]	0.33
ToLDx: problem-solving time (se)	180.3	[58.2; 302.4]	0.004**	−143.9	[−265.6; −22.1]	0.02*	9.2	[−5. 1; 23.5]	0.20
Mental flexibility
Weigl sort test: total score	−0.3	[−1.0; 0.3]	0.32	1.2	[0.5; 1.9]	0.001**	−0.02	[−0.1; 0.1]	0.62
Inhibition
Cats and dogs: total time (s)	7.6	[0.6; 14.7]	0.03*	−2.4	[−9. 5; 4.6]	0.48	0.2	[−0.7; 1.0]	0.66
Cats and dogs: correct score	−0.6	[−1.1; −0.1]	0.02*	−0.01	[−0.5; 0.5]	0.96	−0.02	[0.1; 0.03]	0.44

^aEstimated mean difference between persons with DS with IQ < 40 and persons with DS with IQ ≥ 40 adjusted for gender and age.

^bConfidence Interval.

^cEstimated mean differences between female and male persons with DS adjusted for IQ and age.

^dEstimated mean differences associated to one year of age difference in persons with DS adjusted for IQ and gender.

^eSeconds.

^*Significant estimated effects of the variable of interest (p < 0.05).

^**Significant estimated effects of the variable of interest (p < 0.01).

^***Significant estimated effects of the variable of interest (p < 0.001).