TABLE 2—
Summary Statistics of Data Used in the Analysis of State Constitutional Provisions for Health and Health Care: United States
| Variable | 1929–2000, Mean (SD) or No. | 1850–2000, Mean (SD) or No. |
| Infant mortality rate, deaths/1000 live births | ||
| Total | 26.55 (19.08) | 31.26 (27.66) |
| White | 23.98 (17.85) | |
| Others | 43.86 (37.95) | |
| Constitutional socioeconomic rights provisions | ||
| Constitutional provision(s) for health and health care dummy | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.18 (0.38) |
| Level of commitment | ||
| Programmatic statement dummy | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.14) |
| Public concern dummy | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.20) |
| Individual right dummy | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.12) |
| State duty dummy | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.30) |
| Target population | ||
| Mental health dummy | 0.06 (0.23) | |
| Healthy environment dummy | 0.02 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.12) |
| Public health dummy | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.08 (0.27) |
| Indigent access to health care dummy | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.03 (0.18) |
| No specific targeting population dummy | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.14) |
| Constitutional provision(s) for social welfare dummy | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.37 (0.48) |
| Constitutional duty to protect social welfare provision(s) dummy | 0.06 (0.23) | |
| Constitutional provision(s) for environment dummy | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.20 (0.40) |
| Constitutional duty to protect environment provision(s) dummy | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.09 (0.29) |
| Constitutional limitation on state expenditures | ||
| Constitutional tax and expenditure limitation(s) dummy | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.07 (0.26) |
| Supermajority requirement dummy | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.07 (0.25) |
| Control variables | ||
| Log per capita state personal income (CPI adjusted, 1982–1984 = 100) | 10.29 (0.47) | 10.21 (0.56) |
| Log population density | 3.88 (1.45) | 3.79 (1.53) |
| Average years of schooling | 10.52 (1.97) | 10.04 (2.66) |
| Political Competitiveness | −0.22 (0.16) | −0.22 (0.16) |
| Average proportion of Democratic seats in the house and senate | 0.58 (0.26) | 0.58 (0.26) |
| Democratic governor dummy | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.58 (0.49) |
| Log per capita state health and hospital expenditure (CPI adjusted, 1982–1984 = 100) | 1.98 (0.20) | |
| Observations | 3600 | 3900 |
Note. CPI = consumer price index. The data of log per capita state government expenditure on health and hospitals are available for the period 1942 through 2000. The data are available for every 2 years from 1942 to 1950. The sample size was 2730.