TABLE 3—
Multivariate Analysis of Infant Mortality Rates Used in Study of State Constitutional Provisions for Health and Health Care: United States
| Main Specification, Estimate (SE) |
With Per Capita Government Expenditure on Health and Hospitals, Estimate (SE) |
Including Earlier Census Estimates, Estimate (SE) |
Main Specification by Race, Estimate (SE) |
||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10: Non-White | 11: Non-White | 12: Non-White | 10: White | 11: White | 12: White | |
| Constitutional provisions for health and health care | –0.0150 (0.0256) | –0.0075 (0.0246) | –0.0340 (0.0354) | –0.0561 (0.0417) | 0.0093 (0.0319) | ||||||||||
| By level of commitment | |||||||||||||||
| Programmatic statement dummy | 0.0087 (0.0170) | 0.0245 (0.0406) | 0.0337 (0.0201) | –0.0083 (0.0472) | –0.0290 (0.0283) | ||||||||||
| Public concern statement dummy | –0.0117 (0.0506) | 0.0293 (0.0390) | –0.0028 (0.0412) | –0.0816 (0.0774) | –0.0124 (0.0651) | ||||||||||
| Individual right statement dummy | 0.0086 (0.0561) | –0.0335 (0.0497) | –0.0240 (0.0575) | 0.0106 (0.0441) | 0.0244 (0.0317) | ||||||||||
| State duty statement dummy | –0.0775** (0.0233) | –0.0810* (0.0344) | –0.2070* (0.0947) | –0.1880** (0.0556) | –0.0041 (0.0534) | ||||||||||
| By targeting populations | |||||||||||||||
| Healthy environment dummy | 0.0062 (0.0610) | –0.0116 (0.0548) | –0.0011 (0.0600) | –0.0585** (0.0187) | 0.0607 (0.0599) | ||||||||||
| Public health dummy | 0.0014 (0.0352) | 0.0307 (0.0275) | 0.0203 (0.0265) | 0.0323 (0.0361) | 0.0016 (0.0360) | ||||||||||
| Indigent access to health care dummy | –0.0647** (0.0188) | –0.0597** (0.0147) | –0.2020** (0.0711) | –0.2330** (0.0440) | –0.0385 (0.0637) | ||||||||||
| Mental health population dummy | –0.3710 (0.278) | ||||||||||||||
| No specific population dummy | 0.0313 (0.0287) | 0.0119 (0.0669) | 0.0278 (0.0324) | –0.0551 (0.0727) | –0.0187 (0.0267) | ||||||||||
| Model statistics | |||||||||||||||
| Fa | 3.1 | 3.34 | 1.95 | 5.31 | 2.06 | 2.57 | 2.96 | 6.17 | |||||||
| Observations | 3296 | 3296 | 3296 | 2544 | 2544 | 2544 | 3494 | 3494 | 3494 | 6502 | 6502 | 6502 | |||
| R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.986 | 0.986 | 0.986 | 0.985 | 0.985 | 0.985 | 0.947 | 0.947 | 0.947 | |||
Note. All SEs are clustered at the state level. Tables A through C of Appendix A provide full regression results. In Columns 1 through 9, the data are constructed by years × states. In Columns 1 through 3, I used the data for the 50 states from 1929 to 2000. In Columns 4 through 6, because of the availability of government expenditure data, I used the data for the 50 states from 1942 to 2000 (every 2 years from 1942 to 1950). In Columns 7 through 9, I used the data for the 50 states from 1850 to 2000 (every 10 years from 1850 to 1900). All 9 regressions include year fixed effects, state fixed effects, state-specific time trends and their square terms, a dummy variable of constitutional provision of social welfare, a dummy variable of constitutional provision of environment, a dummy variable of constitutional duty to protect environment, a dummy variable of tax and expenditure limitations, a dummy variable of the supermajority requirement, log per capita state income, log average years of schooling, log population density, political competitiveness, a dummy variable for Democratic governor, and the composition of state legislatures. In addition, the specifications in columns 4 through 6 include log per capita state government expenditure on health and hospitals and the specifications in columns 7 through 9 include a dummy variable of constitutional duty to protect social welfare. In columns 10 through 12, the data are constructed by years × states × races (White and non-White populations). I used the data for the 50 states × 2 races from 1929 to 2000. All 3 regressions include year fixed effects, state × race fixed effects, state × race specific time trends and their square terms, a dummy variable of constitutional provision of social welfare, a dummy variable of constitutional provision of environment, a dummy variable of constitutional duty to protect environment, a dummy variable of tax and expenditure limitations, a dummy variable of the supermajority requirement, log per capita state income, log average years of schooling, log population density, political competitiveness, a dummy variable for Democratic governor, and the composition of state legislatures. There are 2 columns for each regression result (10 through 12). One is for White population; the other is for non-white population.
Joint F test for all constitutional provisions for health and health care variables.
*P < .05; **P < .01.