Table 2.
Mean changes in blood biomarker concentrations (95% CI) per 100-μg/m3 increase in CAP mass concentration in single- and two-pollutant models.
| Model | Coarse CAP | Fine CAP | Ultrafine CAP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-hr postexposure | 21-hr postexposure | 1-hr postexposure | 21-hr postexposure | 1-hr postexposure | 21-hr postexposure | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | ||||||
| CAP alone | 0.00 (–0.21, 0.21) | –0.05 (–0.23, 0.12) | –0.05 (–0.14, 0.04) | –0.01 (–0.15, 0.12) | –0.02 (–0.52, 0.48) | –0.05 (–0.32, 0.23) |
| + SO2 | –0.02 (–0.23, 0.20) | –0.10 (–0.28, 0.09) | –0.06 (–0.15, 0.04) | –0.05 (–0.19, 0.10) | –0.02 (–0.53, 0.49) | –0.05 (–0.33, 0.23) |
| + O3 | –0.02 (–0.23, 0.20) | –0.04 (–0.23, 0.15) | –0.05 (–0.15, 0.04) | –0.01 (–0.16, 0.13) | –0.02 (–0.52, 0.49) | –0.01 (–0.27, 0.24) |
| + NO2 | 0.02 (–0.21, 0.24) | –0.10 (–0.31, 0.10) | –0.05 (–0.15, 0.05) | –0.04 (–0.19, 0.12) | –0.03 (–0.56, 0.49) | –0.06 (–0.34, 0.23) |
| + CO | 0.01 (–0.21, 0.22) | –0.04 (–0.24, 0.17) | –0.06 (–0.16, 0.04) | –0.02 (–0.17, 0.13) | 0.07 (–0.44, 0.58) | 0.00 (–0.28, 0.29) |
| CRP (ng/mL) | ||||||
| CAP alone | –2.84 (–9.98, 4.31) | –4.12 (–12.73, 4.49) | 3.73 (–5.10, 12.56) | –10.98 (–27.71, 5.76) | 85.0 (–14.1, 184.2) | –28.2 (–155.3, 98.9) |
| + SO2 | –5.92 (–13.58, 1.74) | –7.15 (–16.39, 2.10) | 2.63 (–6.32, 11.58) | –9.40 (–26.69, 7.88) | –62.7 (–460.2, 334.8) | –76.9 (–744.3, 590.5) |
| + O3 | –2.17 (–10.03, 5.69) | –7.78 (–17.51, 1.94) | 1.87 (–7.94, 11.68) | –14.07 (–32.37, 4.24) | –63.6 (–442.3, 315.1) | –86.5 (–765.0, 592.0) |
| + NO2 | –0.03 (–8.39, 8.33) | –9.53 (–19.31, 0.26) | 3.06 (–6.55, 12.67) | –9.67 (–26.84, 7.50) | –137.4 (–521.6, 246.8) | –43.7 (–742.2, 654.8) |
| + CO | –4.37 (–12.00, 3.26) | –3.49 (–12.68, 5.71) | 2.38 (–7.06, 11.82) | –15.90 (–35.46, 3.66) | –43.1 (–447.8, 361.6) | –192.5 (–881.8, 496.8) |
| ET-1 (pg/mL) | ||||||
| CAP alone | –0.01 (–0.06, 0.04) | 0.00 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.04 (–0.03, 0.10) | 0.00 (–0.04, 0.04) | 0.08 (–0.20, 0.37) | –0.02 (–0.21, 0.17) |
| + SO2 | –0.02 (–0.07, 0.03) | 0.01 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.03 (–0.04, 0.10) | 0.00 (–0.05, 0.04) | 0.08 (–0.21, 0.37) | –0.02 (–0.21, 0.18) |
| + O3 | –0.01 (–0.07, 0.04) | 0.01 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.04 (–0.03, 0.11) | 0.00 (–0.05, 0.05) | 0.09 (–0.20, 0.38) | –0.02 (–0.22, 0.17) |
| + NO2 | –0.01 (–0.06, 0.04) | 0.01 (–0.04, 0.06) | 0.04 (–0.03, 0.11) | 0.01 9 (–0.03, 0.06) | 0.11 (–0.19, 0.41) | 0.00 (–0.21, 0.21) |
| + CO | –0.01 (–0.07, 0.04) | 0.00 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.05 (–0.02, 0.12) | 0.01 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.11 (–0.19, 0.41) | 0.00 (–0.21, 0.20) |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | ||||||
| CAP alone | 1.45 (–0.37, 3.28) | –0.01 (–2.77, 2.75) | –0.18 (–2.58, 2.21) | –0.02 (–3.57, 3.53) | –2.25 (–8.10, 3.60) | –8.38 (–17.23, 0.48)* |
| + SO2 | 1.63 (–0.27, 3.54)* | –0.23 (–3.08, 2.62) | –0.04 (–2.52, 2.45) | 0.72 (–2.98, 4.43) | –2.27 (–8.20, 3.65) | –8.29 (–17.25, 0.68)* |
| + O3 | 2.41 (0.41, 4.40)** | 1.29 (–1.70, 4.28) | 0.50 (–1.98, 2.98) | 0.80 (–2.90, 4.50) | –2.31 (–8.22, 3.61) | –8.34 (–17.34, 0.67)* |
| + NO2 | 2.14 (0.10, 4.18)** | 0.65 (–2.71, 4.01) | –0.09 (–2.71, 2.52) | 0.91 (–2.86, 4.68) | –1.69 (–7.97, 4.59) | –6.22 (–15.50, 3.06) |
| + CO | 1.64 (–0.27, 3.54)* | 1.00 (–1.22, 3.23) | 0.10 (–2.49, 2.68) | 0.54 (–2.34, 3.41) | –1.53 (–7.48, 4.41) | –0.97 (–9.61, 7.67) |
| MDA (μM) | ||||||
| CAP alone | 0.00 (–0.11, 0.12) | –1.93 (–4.84, 0.99) | –0.10 (–0.24, 0.05) | –1.73 (–4.23, 0.76) | 0.00 (–0.27, 0.27) | –0.04 (–0.29, 0.20) |
| + SO2 | 0.00 (–0.12, 0.12) | –1.91 (–4.83, 1.01) | –0.07 (–0.21, 0.07) | –1.70 (–4.20, 0.81) | 0.00 (–0.27, 0.28) | –0.05 (–0.29, 0.20) |
| + O3 | 0.00 (–0.13, 0.13) | –1.98 (–4.91, 0.94) | –0.09 (–0.24, 0.06) | –1.73 (–4.25, 0.78) | 0.00 (–0.27, 0.27) | –0.06 (–0.29, 0.18) |
| + NO2 | 0.00 (–0.13, 0.13) | –1.95 (–4.99, 1.09) | –0.16 (–0.31, –0.01)** | –1.78 (–4.38, 0.81) | –0.02 (–0.31, 0.26) | –0.13 (–0.37, 0.11) |
| + CO | 0.00 (–0.12, 0.13) | –2.03 (–4.95, 0.89) | –0.07 (–0.22, 0.08) | –1.86 (–4.42, 0.69) | 0.03 (–0.25, 0.32) | 0.04 (–0.21, 0.28) |
| *p < 0.1. **p < 0.05. | ||||||