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Family pedigrees of wFem co-infected (a) and wCI-infected (b) Eurema mandarina. Each number represents a different allele; circles represent females with one Z, squares males with two Z alleles. wFem leads to either a loss of W or a modified W’ chromosome; wFem individuals carry the paternal Z (c). In wCI-infected lineages with equal sex ratios, sex chromosomes experience Mendelian inheritance (d).
