Table 3.
Correlations between demographic characteristics, biopsychosocial factors, and quality of life
| Item | Quality of life
|
Statistic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Physical health | Psychological | Social relationships | Environment | ||
| Sex | −0.253 | 0.403 | −0.305 | −0.230 | −0.815 | Independent t |
| Age (years) | −0.139 | −0.182 | −0.076 | −0.029 | −0.078 | Pearson’s r |
| Education (years) | 0.075 | 0.024 | 0.056 | 0.092 | 0.077 | Spearman’s r |
| Duration of illness (years) | 0.093 | 0.004 | 0.128 | 0.035 | 0.113 | Pearson’s r |
| Biological factor | ||||||
| Type of antipsychotic | −1.073 | 0.041 | −1.024 | −0.372 | −2.051* | Independent t |
| Adverse events | ||||||
| Drowsiness | 1.927 | 2.022* | 2.189* | 1.498 | 1.569 | Independent t |
| Sexual adverse events | 1.250 | 0.294 | 1.272 | 1.535 | 1.962 | Independent t |
| Memory loss | 2.958** | 2.759** | 2.916** | 3.754*** | 1.976 | Independent t |
| Dry mouth | 1.727 | 2.021* | 1.761 | 2.262* | 0.860 | Independent t |
| Drooling | 1.377 | 1.338 | 1.286 | 1.302 | 1.062 | Independent t |
| Insomnia | 2.883** | 2.181* | 2.870** | 1.532 | 2.861** | Independent t |
| Stiff tongue | 1.671 | 1.807 | 2.123* | 2.244* | 0.777 | Independent t |
| Stiff walk | 1.443 | 0.789 | 1.560 | 1.569 | 2.878* | Independent t |
| Metabolic profile (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | −0.069 | −0.113 | −0.081 | −0.137 | 0.032 | Pearson’s r |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | −0.239* | −0.338** | −0.192 | −0.216 | −0.150 | Spearman’s r |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.084 | 0.102 | 0.052 | 0.054 | 0.079 | Spearman’s r |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 0.051 | 0.067 | 0.104 | 0.113 | −0.032 | Pearson’s r |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.067 | −0.050 | 0.007 | −0.108 | −0.084 | Pearson’s r |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.096 | −0.086 | 0.061 | Pearson’s r |
| Psychosocial factor | ||||||
| PANSS score | ||||||
| PANSS total | −0.599*** | −0.522*** | −0.658*** | −0.510*** | −0.462*** | Pearson’s r |
| PANSS Marder positive symptoms | −0.444*** | −0.412*** | −0.491*** | −0.318** | −0.348** | Spearman’s r |
| PANSS Marder negative symptoms | −0.620*** | −0.555*** | −0.644*** | −0.533*** | −0.497*** | Spearman’s r |
| PANSS Marder disorganized thought | −0.400*** | −0.333** | −0.429*** | −0.446*** | −0.281* | Spearman’s r |
| PANSS Marder hostility/excitement | −0.195 | −0.177 | −0.262* | −0.213 | −0.108 | Spearman’s r |
| PANSS Marder anxiety/depression | −0.489*** | −0.385*** | −0.576*** | −0.362*** | −0.390*** | Spearman’s r |
| CDSS-Thai score | −0.580*** | −0.459*** | −0.644*** | −0.390*** | −0.511*** | Spearman’s r |
| Social support deficit | ||||||
| Living alone | 0.656 | −0.008 | 0.686 | 0.521 | 1.149 | Independent t |
| Seeing a relative less often than once a week | 2.603* | 2.257* | 1.970 | 3.224** | 2.570* | Independent t |
| Lack of reciprocity with neighbors | 2.292* | 1.564 | 2.629** | 1.223 | 2.505* | Independent t |
| Lack of reciprocity between family members | 1.974 | 0.724 | 2.658** | 0.376 | 2.494* | Independent t |
| Difficulty in relationship with relatives | 0.572 | 0.342 | 1.091 | −1.116 | 0.769 | Independent t |
| Dissatisfaction with support from family | 1.953 | 0.867 | 2.045* | 2.080* | 1.996* | Independent t |
Notes:
*
Significant at P-value <0.05 (two-tailed);
**
significant at P-value <0.01 (two-tailed);
***
significant at P-value <0.001 (two-tailed).
Abbreviations: CDSS-Thai, Thai version of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SD, standard deviation.