TABLE 6.
Percent Differences and Difference from Mean Blood Markers per Increment of Long-term Pollutant Concentrations (5 µg/m3 Increase in PM2.5, 0.7 10−6 m−1 Increase in Black Carbon, 40 ppb Increase in NOx, and 17 ppb Increase in NO2) from Random-effects Modelsa
| N | CRP, % Difference | N | Fibrinogen, mg/dl | N | E-Selectin, ng/ml | N | sICAM-1, ng/ml | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambient PM2.5 | ||||||||
| Model 1b | 10,120 | 3 (−2, 9) | 10,155 | −0.42 (−4.33, 3.49) | 2,182 | 2.3 (0.54, 4.05) | 3,374 | 0.97 (−5.11, 7.06) |
| Model 2c | 10,120 | 1 (−4, 6) | 10,232 | −3.45 (−7.43, 0.52) | 2,182 | 1.08 (−0.66, 2.82) | 3,374 | −2.07 (−7.69, 3.56) |
| Model 3d | 10,045 | 0 (−5, 6) | 10,232 | −3.29 (−7.28, 0.7) | 2,160 | 0.87 (−0.88, 2.63) | 3,349 | −2.07 (−7.72, 3.59) |
| Individual PM2.5 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 8,651 | 0 (−6, 6) | 8,741 | −0.34 (−4.54, 3.86) | 2,026 | 1.64 (−0.28, 3.57) | 2,985 | −0.58 (−6.58, 5.42) |
| Model 2 | 8,651 | −2 (−8, 4) | 8,741 | −2.31 (−6.46, 1.84) | 2,026 | 0.71 (−1.2, 2.62) | 2,985 | −3.02 (−8.47, 2.43) |
| Model 3 | 8,581 | −2 (−8, 4) | 8,669 | −2.25 (−6.41, 1.9) | 2,004 | 0.53 (−1.4, 2.46) | 2,960 | −2.84 (−8.32, 2.64) |
| Black carbon | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 10,197 | 5 (−4, 15) | 10,310 | −3.51 (−10, 2.98) | 2,202 | −0.89 (−4.26, 2.49) | 3,461 | 0.94 (−8.2, 10.08) |
| Model 2 | 10,197 | 2 (−7, 12) | 10,310 | −6.03 (−12.62, 0.56) | 2,202 | −2.69 (−6.16, 0.78) | 3,461 | −1.02 (−9.32, 7.28) |
| Model 3 | 10,122 | 3 (−6, 12) | 10,233 | −5.7 (−12.3, 0.91) | 2,180 | −2.67 (−6.15, 0.8) | 3,436 | −0.58 (−8.9, 7.74) |
| NOx | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 10,197 | 0 (−7, 6) | 10,310 | 2.37 (−2.19, 6.93) | 2,202 | 1.85 (−0.21, 3.92) | 3,461 | 3.88 (−1.97, 9.73) |
| Model 2 | 10,197 | −4 (−11, 2) | 10,310 | −0.54 (−5.24, 4.15) | 2,202 | 0.49 (−1.61, 2.58) | 3,461 | −0.13 (−5.67, 5.41) |
| Model 3 | 10,122 | −4 (−11, 2) | 10,233 | −0.54 (−5.24, 4.16) | 2,180 | 0.3 (−1.8, 2.41) | 3,436 | 0.07 (−5.49, 5.62) |
| NO2 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 10,197 | −5 (−15, 4) | 10,310 | −12.55 (−19.06, −6.03) | 2,202 | 1.07 (−1.94, 4.08) | 3,461 | −0.93 (−9.54, 7.68) |
| Model 2 | 10,197 | −7 (−17, 2) | 10,310 | −13.1 (−19.82, −6.37) | 2,202 | −0.57 (−3.72, 2.59) | 3,461 | −0.54 (−8.78, 7.7) |
| Model 3 | 10,122 | −7 (−17, 3) | 10,233 | −13.01 (−19.75, −6.28) | 2,180 | −0.53 (−3.7, 2.64) | 3,436 | −0.09 (−8.37, 8.18) |
Air pollution metrics are annual average concentrations.
Model 1 is adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, exam, and site.
Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 1 as well as education, employment, income, neighborhood SES, second-hand smoke exposure, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, waist–hip ratio, recent infection, and for calendar time splines. CRP, IL-6, and fibrinogen models include 48 df calendar time splines (4 df * 12 years), D-dimer models include 40 df splines (4df * 10 years) and E-selectin and sICAM-1 models includes 20 df splines (4df * 5 years). sICAM-1 models were also adjusted for the gene RS4591 (no T versus at least one T).
Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 as well as for hypertension, diabetes, and anti-inflammatory medications.