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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 30.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2015 Mar 20;34(14):2235–2265. doi: 10.1002/sim.6470

Table 2.

Bias in estimating causal hazard ratio parameter for prostate cancer study

Outcome Group IV2sri IV2sps
All cause mortality Total (n=31541) 0.57(0.17-1.06) 0.59(0.19-1.09)
RCT Cohort (n=12924) 0.96(0.18-5.81) 0.97(0.18-5.94)
Elderly Cohort (n=14340) 0.74(0.20-1.83) 0.96(0.26-2.35)
Screen-Detected Cohort (n=4277) 0.34(0.02-2.99) 0.35(0.03-3.22)