(A) Tat expression in macrophages following 5 days; (B) immunocytochemical analysis of neuronal cells treated with conditioned media [CM] showing that Tat traffics into neuronal cells and localizes in the cytoplasm and nucleus; (C, D) double immunolabeling with antibodies against CDK5 [red] and Tat [green] showing that Tat re-distributes CDK5 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of neuronal cells [p<0.0001; df=5, F=75.82 by one-way ANOVA]. (E, F) Tat-mediated translocation of CDK5 leads to increased pTau [p<0.0001; df=2, F=320.7 by one-way ANOVA] and reduced neurite outgrowth [β-tubulin] [p<0.0001; df=2, F=17.57 by one-way ANOVA]. Bar= 10 um.