. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 4.

Published in final edited form as: Demogr Res. 2014 May 14;30:1495–1526. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.54

Table 4.

Change in attitudes supporting marriage: 21 countries, baseline to last survey year

	Outside Marriage

	Cohabitation plans to wed	Cohabitation no plans wed	Marriage if child	Single Parent	Premarital Sex	Same Sex Sex

	1994–2002	1994–2002	1988–2002	1994–2002	1991–2008	1991–2008
U.S.	−.33^***	−.12^**	ns	−.13^**	−.14^***	−.34^***
Australia	−.08^*	−.22^***		−.23^***	−.17^***	−.44^***
West Germany	−.16^***	−.23^***	−.69^***	−.12^**	ns	−.14^**
East Germany	−.26^***	ns		ns	ns	−.35^***
Great Britain	−.15^***	−.18^***	−.49^***	−.14^**	−.19^***	−.83^***
Northern Ireland	−.46^***	−.48^***		−.25^***
Austria	ns	−.24^***	−.72^***	ns	ns	−.54^***
Hungary	−.34^***	ns	−.51^***	ns	−.29^***	−.45^***
Ireland	−.34^***	−.28^***	−.70^***	ns	−.59^***	−.70^***
Netherlands	−.26^***	−.18^***	−.67^***	ns	ns	−.16^***
Norway	−.13^***	−.23^***		−.11^**	−.17^***	−.63^***
Sweden	ns	ns		−.16^**
Czech Republic	−.09^*	ns		−.47^***
Slovenia	−.26^***	−.33^***		ns	ns	−.28^***
Poland	−.24^***	−.27^***		−.20^***	−.18^***	ns
Bulgaria	ns	−.16^**		ns
Russia	.09^*	.38^***		−.27^***
New Zealand	−.18^***	−.20^***		ns	−.19^***	−.60^***
Israel	.19^***	.24^***		−.14^**
Japan	−.37^***	−.23^***		ns
Italy					−.32^***	−.67^***

	Inside Marriage

	Bad marriage better	Married happier	Divorce	Wife’s job bad	Extramarital Sex

	1988–2002	1988–2002	1994–2002	1988–2002	1991–2008
U.S.	ns	−.24^***	.09^*	−.72^***	.21^***
Australia			ns		.33^***
West Germany	.10^**	−.10^*	ns	−1.36^***	.15^***
East Germany			ns		ns
Great Britain	ns	−.20^***	−.10^*	−.97^***	ns
Northern Ireland			−.24^***
Austria	ns	−.27^***	−.12^**	−1.28^***	−.29^***
Hungary	−.24^***	ns	ns	−1.05^***	ns
Ireland	.07^*	−.31^***	−.23^***	−1.29^***	ns
Netherlands	.14^***	.34^***	−.08^*	−1.02^***	.20^***
Norway			−.08^*		.16^***
Sweden			.11^*
Czech Republic			−.12^**
Slovenia			.12^*		.34^***
Poland			−.21^***		.15^***
Bulgaria			−.30^***
Russia			ns
New Zealand			ns		.22^***
Israel			−.11^*
Japan			ns
Italy					−.11^**

Note: Change [Last Survey Year + (Country X Year)] adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, employment, and partner’s employment, as based on OLS model for each attitude. ns=change not significantly different from zero;

p<.05,

^**

p<.01,

^***

p<.001; (two-tailed).