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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Sep 22;144:193–200. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.007

Table 2.

Monthly costs estimated from average marginal effects (AME)1 derived from a two-part multiple regression model2 using participants from the ACCESS, VIDUS and ARYS cohort studies (2013 CAD).

Crime-related costs Avoided costs
Amount [95% C.I.]3 Amount [95% C.I.]3 %
All Individuals (2232 observations)
  Health state:
    Relapse $7552*** [$2724, $12,379] Referent health state
    Opioid abstinence $989* [−$136, $2114] $6563** [$1564, $11,561] 86.9
    MMT high effectiveness $1254*** [$448, $2060] $6298** [$1578, $11,017] 83.4
    MMT low effectiveness $3985*** [$1922, $6049] $3566 [−$1118, $8250] 47.1
Daily stimulant users (672 observations)
  Health state:
    Relapse $14,970*** [$731, $29,210] Referent health state
    Opioid abstinence $2330 [−$785, $5446] $12,640* [−$1476, $26,755] 84.4
    MMT high effectiveness $1995** [$157, $3833] $12,975* [−$1446, $27,396] 86.7
    MMT low effectiveness $6607*** [$2640, $10,574] $8363 [−$5399, $22,126] 55.9
Non-daily stimulant users (887 observations)
  Health state:
    Relapse $4877*** [$1314, $8439] Referent health state
    Opioid abstinence $62 [−$36, $161] $4814*** [$1247, $8382] 98.7
    MMT high effectiveness $751*** [$80, $1422] $4125** [$698, $7553] 84.6
    MMT low effectiveness $3995*** [$1280, $6709] $882 [−$2934, $4697] 18.1
Stimulant non-users (673 observations)
  Health state:
    Relapse $802* [−$26, $1630] Referent health state
    Opioid abstinence $689 [−$173, $1552] $113 [−$948, $1175] 14.1
    MMT high effectiveness $533** [$36, $1031] $269 [−$563, $1101] 33.5
    MMT low effectiveness $560 [−$127, $1247] $242 [−$659, $1144] 30.2

ACCESS: AIDS Care Cohort to evaluate Exposure to Survival Services. VIDUS: Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study. ARYS: At-Risk Youth Study.

1

AME are the average of the estimated marginal effect for each participant in the respective sample.

2

First part of the model included covariates for stimulant use intensity, gender, age, recent homelessness, chronic incarceration and juvenile detention. Second part of the model included covariates for stimulant use intensity, gender, recent housing instability, recent employment and whether the participant had skipped a scheduled survey. Stratified estimations did not include stimulant use intensity indicators.

3

Confidence intervals were derived using the delta method which relies on a first-order Taylor series expansion.

*

p-Value <0.10

**

p-value <0.05

***

p-value<0.01.