Table 2.
Change (95% CI)) from baseline for primary and secondary outcomes during the dietary trial, Worcester, Massachusetts, 2009-2014.
| 3-months | 6-months | 12-months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
| AHA | High Fiber | Between group difference |
AHA | High Fiber | Between group difference |
AHA | High Fiber | Between group difference |
|
| Anthropometric | |||||||||
| Weight (lbs) | −4.4 (−6.1, −2.7) | −3.5 (−5.2, −1.8) | 0.9 (−1.5, 3.3) | −6.1 (−7.8, −4.3) | −5.0 (−6.8, −3.3) | 1.0 (−1.4, 3.5) | −6.0 (−7.7, −4.3) | −4.6 (−6.4, −2.9) | 1.4 (−1.0, 3.8) |
| Waist circumference (inches) |
−0.8 (−1.1, −0.5) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) | −0.9 (−1.3, −0.6) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.0) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.7 (−0.9, −0.4) | −0.6 (−0.8, −0.3) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | −1.0 (−1.2, −0.7) | −0.8 (−1.1, −0.5) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | −1.0 (−1.2, −0.7) | −0.8 (−1.0, −0.5) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.6) |
| Daily Dietary Intake | |||||||||
| AHEI score | 3.3 (0.9, 5.8) | 4.5 (2.1, 6.9) | 1.2 (−2.2, 4.6) | 6.0 (3.5, 8.5) | 8.0 (5.5, 10.4) | 1.9 (−1.6, 5.5) | 5.4 (2.9, 8.0) | 5.2 (2.6, 7.8) | −0.2 (−3.9, 3.4) |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 2.7 (0.5, 4.8) | 7.1 (5.0, 9.2) | 4.4 (1.5, 7.4) | 0.9 (−1.2, 3.1) | 6.4 (4.3, 8.5) | 5.5 (2.4, 8.5) | 1.3 (−0.9, 3.5) | 4.7 (2.5, 6.9) | 3.4 (0.3, 6.5) |
| Cereal fiber (g) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.3) | 3.3 (2.2, 4.4) | 0.1 (−1.5, 1.6) | 1.8 (0.7, 3.0) | 2.8 (1.7, 3.9) | 1.0 (−0.6, 2.6) | 1.6 (0.5, 2.8) | 1.4 (0.2, 2.5) | −0.3 (−1.9, 1.4) |
| Insoluble fiber (g) | 2.7 (1.0, 4.4) | 5.5 (3.8, 7.1) | 2.7 (0.4, 5.1) | 1.3 (−0.4, 3.1) | 5.0 (3.3, 6.7) | 3.6 (1.2, 6.0) | 1.4 (−0.4, 3.1) | 3.8 (2.1, 5.5) | 2.4 (−0.1, 4.9) |
| Soluble fiber (g) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.7 (0.8, 2.6) | 0.0 (−0.6, 0.7) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.4, 2.3) | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.6 (−0.3, 1.6) |
| Fruit (servings) | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.3 (−0.0, 0.6) | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.4 (−0.1, 0.8) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.7) |
| Vegetable (servings) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.6) | −0.6 (−1.1, −0.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.8) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.8) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| Total energy (kcal) | −407.2 (− 514.9, −299.4) |
−200.5 (−307.0, −94.0) |
206.6 (55.1, 358.1) |
−421.2 (−531.5, −311.0) |
−130.0 (−239.3, −20.7) |
291.2 (135.9, 446.5) |
−464.6 (−578.0, −351.2) |
−200.0 (−313.2, −86.9) |
264.6 (104.4, 424.7) |
| % Carbohydrate | −0.7 (−2.4, 1.0) | 3.3 (1.6, 5.0) | 4.0 (1.6, 6.4) | −0.5 (−2.3, 1.3) | 1.8 (0.0, 3.5) | 2.2 (−0.2, 4.7) | 0.7 (−1.1, 2.5) | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4) | 0.9 (−1.6, 3.5) |
| % Protein | 3.1 (2.0, 4.2) | 0.5 (−0.5, 1.6) | −2.5 (−4.1, −1.0) | 2.1 (1.0, 3.2) | 0.3 (−0.8, 1.4) | −1.8 (−3.4, −0.3) | 2.1 (1.0, 3.3) | 1.2 (0.1, 2.3) | −0.9 (−2.5, 0.7) |
| % Fat | −2.0 (−3.5, −0.5) | −3.2 (−4.7, −1.8) | −1.3 (−3.3, 0.8) | −1.2 (−2.7, 0.3) | −1.8 (−3.3, −0.3) | −0.5 (−2.7, 1.6) | −2.0 (−3.6, −0.5) | −3.1 (−4.6, −1.5) | −1.1 (−3.3, 1.1) |
| % Saturated fat | −2.3 (−3.0, −1.6) | −2.4 (−3.1, −1.7) | −0.1 (−1.1, 0.9) | −1.6 (−2.3, −0.9) | −1.6 (−2.3, −0.9) | 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) | −1.9 (−2.6, −1.2) | −1.8 (−2.5, −1.1) | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.1) |
| White:Red meat | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.5) | 0.3 (−0.0, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.3 (−0.0, 0.7) | −0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | −2.5 (−4.5, −0.6) | −1.5 (−3.5, 0.5) | 1.0 (−1.7, 3.8) | −4.2 (−6.2, −2.3) | −2.8 (−4.8, −0.8) | 1.5 (−1.4, 4.3) | −3.1 (−5.1, −1.1) | −3.5 (−5.5, −1.5) | −0.4 (−3.2, 2.4) |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | −1.7 (−3.3, −0.1) | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.9) | 0.9 (−1.4, 3.2) | −1.3 (−2.9, 0.4) | −1.1 (−2.8, 0.6) | 0.2 (−2.2, 2.5) | −2.2 (−3.8, −0.5) | −2.5 (−4.2, −0.9) | −0.4 (−2.7, 2.0) |
| Metabolic | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose†
(mg/dL) |
1.2 (−0.7, 2.9) | −1.7 (−3.9, 0.5) | −2.9 (−5.8, 0.0) | 2.4 (0.2, 4.5) | 1.9 (−0.2, 4.0) | −0.4 (−3.5, 2.7) | 2.5 (0.4, 4.5) | 0.7 (−1.6, 2.9) | −1.8 (−4.8, 1.4) |
| HbA1c (%) | NA | NA | NA | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | −0.0 (−0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.1) |
| Fasting insulin†
(μU/ml) |
NA | NA | NA | −2.7 (−4.3, −1.2) | −0.7 (−2.6, 1.0) | 1.8 (−0.2, 4.3) | −1.6 (−3.3, −0.1) | −2.2 (−4.0, −0.6) | −0.7 (−2.4, 1.4) |
| HOMA-IR† | NA | NA | NA | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.2) | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.4) | 0.5 (−0.1, 1.1) | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.1) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) |
| Blood lipids | |||||||||
| HDL (mg/dL) | −1.4 (−2.5, −0.2) | −1.5 (−2.7, −0.4) | −0.1 (−1.8, 1.5) | −1.4 (−2.5, −0.2) | −0.6 (−1.8, 0.6) | 0.8 (−0.9, 2.4) | −0.5 (−1.7, 0.6) | −0.8 (−2.0, 0.3) | −0.3 (−1.9, 1.4) |
| LDL (mg/dL) | −1.8 (−6.1, 2.4) | 0.2 (−4.1, 4.4) | 2.0 (−4.0, 8.0) | −1.5 (−5.9, 2.9) | −3.2 (−7.5, 1.2) | −1.7 (−7.9, 4.5) | 1.7 (−2.6, 6.1) | −1.1 (−5.4, 3.3) | −2.8 (−9.0, 3.4) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
−5.9 (−10.8, −1.1) | −1.8 (−6.7, 3.1) | 4.1 (−2.8, 11.0) | −3.2 (−8.2, 1.8) | −4.9 (−9.9, 0.2) | −1.7 (−8.7, 5.4) | −1.5 (−6.4, 3.5) | −4.0 (−9.0, 1.0) | −2.6 (−9.6, 4.5) |
| Triglyceride† (mg/dL) | −9.4 (−18.9, −0.5) | −0.7 (−10.1, 8.1) | 8.0 (−3.7, 20.9) | −1.0 (−12.2, 9.3) | −4.7 (−14.0, 3.9) | −3.7 (−15.7, 9.7) | −11.4 (−21.4, −2.0) | −7.6 (−16.8, 1.1) | 3.2 (−8.6, 16.1) |
| Inflammation | |||||||||
| Hs-CRP † (mg/L) | NA | NA | NA | −0.4 (−0.8, −0.1) | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) |
| TNF-α receptor 2 †
(pg/mL) |
NA | NA | NA | −80.1 (−154.2, −8.0) | −22.6 (−107.2, 59.3) | 55.5 (−51.6, 167.1) | −59.7 (−152.9, 30.4) | −90.0 (−173.2, −9.4) | −32.9 (−148.8, 88.6) |
| IL-6† (pg/mL) | NA | NA | NA | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.5) |
Note. BMI=Body Mass Index; AHEI=Alternative Healthy Eating Index; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL= High-density lipoprotein; LDL= low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP=high sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6= Interleukin 6, TNF-a=Tumor necrosis factor α.
Adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals are presented.
Differences between groups are equal to High Fiber group minus AHA group.
†
indicates the use of a log gamma model for the analysis of the variables.