Table 2.
Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 levels and prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 per 1 nmol/L | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | OR | 95 % CI | p | |
| Microalbuminuria (n = 83) | 1 | 0.94 | 0.81; 1.09 | 0.42 |
| 2 | 0.85 | 0.70; 1.04 | 0.11 | |
| 3 | 0.86 | 0.71; 1.05 | 0.14 | |
| 4 | 0.85 | 0.70; 1.03 | 0.09 | |
| Macroalbuminuria (n = 124) | 1 | 0.45 | 0.35; 0.60 | <0.001 |
| 2 | 0.56 | 0.43; 0.74 | <0.001 | |
| 3 | 0.57 | 0.43; 0.75 | <0.001 | |
| 4 | 0.56 | 0.42; 0.74 | <0.001 | |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy (n = 146) | 1 | 0.91 | 0.80; 1.03 | 0.15 |
| 2 | 1.00 | 0.85; 1.16 | 0.95 | |
| Proliferative retinopathy (n = 152) | 1 | 0.88 | 0.77; 1.00 | 0.06 |
| 2 | 1.08 | 0.93; 1.25 | 0.33 | |
| CVD (n = 131) | 1 | 1.02 | 0.92; 1.14 | 0.70 |
| 2 | 1.03 | 0.90; 1.16 | 0.70 | |
OR, odds ratio indicates the odds of prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD, per 1 nmol/L higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: model 1 + BMI, smoking (never, ex, current), HbA1c, total-HDL-cholesterol-ratio, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, eGFR, physical activity (0, ≤sex-specific median, >sex-specific median), alcohol intake (0, ≤70 g/wk, >70 g/wk), and prevalent CVD, albuminuria and retinopathy, as appropriate; Model 3: model 2 + low-grade inflammation score; Model 4: model 2 + endothelial dysfunction score