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. 2015 May 22;79(6):988–999. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12565

Table 2.

Drugs or herbs with highly probable or probable causal relationship in suspected drug-induced liver injury according to the updated Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) (12) scale categorized by main groups of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System (13)

ATC group Highly probable Probable
A/B
 Omeprazole 2
 Esomeprazole 1
 Amoxicillin / Clarithromycin / Pantoprazole 1
 Mesalazine 1
 Repaglinide 1
 Phenprocoumon 10
 Acetylsalicylic acid 1
C
 Flecainide 1
 Amiodarone 1 1
 Pentaerythrityltetranitrat 1
 Dihydralazine 1
 Hydrochlorothiazide 1
 Spironolactone 1
 Eplerenone 1
 Amlodipine 1
 Verapamil 1
 Lisinopril 1
 Ramipril 1 2
 Irbesartan 1
 Olmesartan 1
 Telmisartan / HCT 1
 Simvastatin 4
G/H
 Dienogest / Ethinylestradiol 1
 Estradiol 1
 Methylprednisolone 1
 Thiamazole 2
J
 Doxycycline 1
 Sultamicillin 1
 Cefuroxime 1
 Ceftriaxone 1
 Imipenem / Cilastatine 1
 Sulfadiazine 1
 Clarithromycin 2
 Ciprofloxacin 2
 Norfloxacin 1
 Nitrofurantoin 1
 Fluconazole 2
 Rifampicin 2
 Isoniazid 1
 Isoniazid / Pyridoxine 1
 Pyrazinamide 1 4
 Ethambutol 1
L
 Cyclophosphamide 1
 Erlotinib 1
 Sorafenib 1
 Pazopanib 1
 Tamoxifen 1
 Interferon β 1
 Anakinra 1
 Tocilizumab 1
 Azathioprine 1 1
 Lenalidomide 1
M
 Diclofenac 4
 Ibuprofen 4
 Celecoxib 1
 Etoricoxib 1
 Tizanidine 1
 Tetrazepam 1
 Allopurinol 1
 Alendronic acid / Colecalciferol 1
N
 Tramadol 1
 Acetylsalicylic acid / Vitamin C 1
 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 3
 Flupirtine 1 5
 Carbamazepine 2
 Valproic acid 1
 Pregabalin 2
 Melperone 1
 Clozapine 1
 Olanzapine 1
 Amisulpride 1
 Risperidone 1
 Citalopram 1
 Escitalopram 1
 Mirtazapine 1
 Pyridostigmine 1
Rest
 Ayurveda 1
 Pelargonium sidoides 1
 Terbinafine 1
 Promethazine 1

Drug or herb causality was assessed as ‘highly probable’ for CIOMS scores ≥ 9 and ‘probable’ for CIOMS scores 6–8.