Table 2.
Drugs or herbs with highly probable or probable causal relationship in suspected drug-induced liver injury according to the updated Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) (12) scale categorized by main groups of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System (13)
| ATC group | Highly probable | Probable |
|---|---|---|
| A/B | ||
| Omeprazole | 2 | |
| Esomeprazole | 1 | |
| Amoxicillin / Clarithromycin / Pantoprazole | 1 | |
| Mesalazine | 1 | |
| Repaglinide | 1 | |
| Phenprocoumon | 10 | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 1 | |
| C | ||
| Flecainide | 1 | |
| Amiodarone | 1 | 1 |
| Pentaerythrityltetranitrat | 1 | |
| Dihydralazine | 1 | |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 1 | |
| Spironolactone | 1 | |
| Eplerenone | 1 | |
| Amlodipine | 1 | |
| Verapamil | 1 | |
| Lisinopril | 1 | |
| Ramipril | 1 | 2 |
| Irbesartan | 1 | |
| Olmesartan | 1 | |
| Telmisartan / HCT | 1 | |
| Simvastatin | 4 | |
| G/H | ||
| Dienogest / Ethinylestradiol | 1 | |
| Estradiol | 1 | |
| Methylprednisolone | 1 | |
| Thiamazole | 2 | |
| J | ||
| Doxycycline | 1 | |
| Sultamicillin | 1 | |
| Cefuroxime | 1 | |
| Ceftriaxone | 1 | |
| Imipenem / Cilastatine | 1 | |
| Sulfadiazine | 1 | |
| Clarithromycin | 2 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 | |
| Norfloxacin | 1 | |
| Nitrofurantoin | 1 | |
| Fluconazole | 2 | |
| Rifampicin | 2 | |
| Isoniazid | 1 | |
| Isoniazid / Pyridoxine | 1 | |
| Pyrazinamide | 1 | 4 |
| Ethambutol | 1 | |
| L | ||
| Cyclophosphamide | 1 | |
| Erlotinib | 1 | |
| Sorafenib | 1 | |
| Pazopanib | 1 | |
| Tamoxifen | 1 | |
| Interferon β | 1 | |
| Anakinra | 1 | |
| Tocilizumab | 1 | |
| Azathioprine | 1 | 1 |
| Lenalidomide | 1 | |
| M | ||
| Diclofenac | 4 | |
| Ibuprofen | 4 | |
| Celecoxib | 1 | |
| Etoricoxib | 1 | |
| Tizanidine | 1 | |
| Tetrazepam | 1 | |
| Allopurinol | 1 | |
| Alendronic acid / Colecalciferol | 1 | |
| N | ||
| Tramadol | 1 | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid / Vitamin C | 1 | |
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) | 3 | |
| Flupirtine | 1 | 5 |
| Carbamazepine | 2 | |
| Valproic acid | 1 | |
| Pregabalin | 2 | |
| Melperone | 1 | |
| Clozapine | 1 | |
| Olanzapine | 1 | |
| Amisulpride | 1 | |
| Risperidone | 1 | |
| Citalopram | 1 | |
| Escitalopram | 1 | |
| Mirtazapine | 1 | |
| Pyridostigmine | 1 | |
| Rest | ||
| Ayurveda | 1 | |
| Pelargonium sidoides | 1 | |
| Terbinafine | 1 | |
| Promethazine | 1 |
Drug or herb causality was assessed as ‘highly probable’ for CIOMS scores ≥ 9 and ‘probable’ for CIOMS scores 6–8.