Table 4.
Odds ratios (OR) of drug-induced liver injury for different drugs based on outpatient cases and controls (numbers in bold indicate significant results)
| ATC group | OR* (95% CI) | 122 cases n (%) | 708 controls n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alimentary tract and metabolism (A) | |||
| Pantoprazole | 1.04 (0.4, 2.3) | 18 (14.8) | 47 (6.6) |
| Metoclopramide | 2.4 (0.5, 9.1) | 6 (4.9) | 10 (1.4) |
| Magnesium | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) | 4 (3.3) | 60 (8.5) |
| Blood and blood forming organs (B) | |||
| Phenprocoumon | 3.3 (1.5, 6.7) | 16 (13.1) | 39 (5.5) |
| Enoxaparin | 4.5 (0.5, 46.7) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (0.3) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | 9 (7.4) | 133 (18.8) |
| Cardiovascular system (C) | |||
| Bisoprolol + hydrochlorothiazide | 13.1 (1.0, 149.3) | 4 (3.3) | 2 (0.3) |
| Lisinopril | 3.9 (0.8, 15.6) | 5 (4.1) | 7 (1.0) |
| Irbesartan | 25.0 (1.6, 701.5) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (0.1) |
| Systemic hormonal preparations (G/H) | |||
| Combined oral contraceptives | 1.1 (0.1, 5.2) | 11 (9.0) | 19 (2.7) |
| Oestrogen + levonogestrel | 2.8 (0.3, 36.0) | 5 (4.1) | 6 (0.8) |
| Oestrogen + dienogest | 13.2 (1.2, 218.6) | 4 (3.3) | 2 (0.3) |
| Glucocorticoids | 1.8 (0.7, 4.1) | 17 (13.9) | 46 (6.5) |
| Dexamethasone | 9.3 (0.8, 225.6) | 4 (3.3) | 1 (0.1) |
| Antiinfectives (J) | |||
| Antibiotics | 1.3 (0.2, 5.2) | 17 (13.9) | 26 (3.7) |
| Macrolides | 0.3 (0.01, 7.3) | 6 (4.9) | 3 (0.4) |
| Clarithromycin | 30.2 (1.2, >999.9) | 4 (3.3) | 1 (0.1) |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics | 2.4 (0.3, 20.9) | 9 (7.4) | 12 (1.7) |
| Fluoroquinolones | 21.0 (1.2, 634.9) | 5 (4.1) | 3 (0.4) |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.3 (0.01, 10.4) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (0.3) |
| Rifampicin | 6.7 (0.1, 350.3) | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.1) |
| Ethambutol + pyrazinamide | 14.1 (0.8, 392.0) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (0.1) |
| Aciclovir | 3.3 (0.2, 40.4) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (0.3) |
| Musculo-skeletal and nervous system (M/N) | |||
| Ibuprofen | 1.3 (0.5, 2.9) | 15 (12.3) | 43 (6.1) |
| Metamizole | 5.2 (2.0, 13.4) | 13 (10.7) | 14 (2.0) |
| Flupirtine | 40.2 (5.5, 856.9) | 8 (6.6) | 1 (0.1) |
| Valerian radix | 5.3 (0.98, 27.3) | 5 (4.1) | 4 (0.6) |
| Antidepressants | 0.9 (0.3, 2.5) | 15 (12.3) | 40 (5.6) |
| Amitriptyline | 0.9 (0.1, 9.0) | 4 (3.3) | 5 (0.7) |
| Citalopram | 7.1 (1.2, 44.1) | 6 (4.9) | 7 (1.0) |
| Various | |||
| Terbinafine | 20.1 (1.9, 440.4) | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.1) |
| Cough and cold preparations | 1.8 (0.2, 20.4) | 4 (3.3) | 4 (0.6) |
| Mucolytics | 2.3 (0.4, 8.9) | 7 (5.7) | 15 (2.1) |
| Hypromellose | 8.9 (0.9, 92.7) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (0.3) |
*
Joint drug assessment (adjusted for age, gender and all drugs with a significant OR in single drug assessment, i.e. all drugs illustrated in Table 4).