Table 5.
Odds ratios (OR) of drug-induced liver injury for different drugs based on inpatient cases and controls (numbers in bold indicate significant results)
| ATC group | OR* (95% CI) | 76 cases n (%) | 377 controls n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alimentary tract and metabolism (A) | |||
| Pantoprazole | 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) | 33 (43.4) | 133 (35.3) |
| Metoclopramide | 1.1 (0.4, 2.9) | 16 (21.1) | 38 (10.1) |
| Dimetindene | 3.9 (0.6, 20.4) | 5 (6.6) | 6 (1.6) |
| Lactulose | 3.0 (0.9, 9.1) | 10 (13.2) | 17 (4.5) |
| Insulin | 0.7 (0.2, 2.5) | 11 (14.5) | 32 (8.5) |
| Multivitamins | 1.9 (0.2, 12.6) | 5 (6.6) | 7 (1.9) |
| Potassium | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 22 (28.9) | 72 (19.1) |
| Blood and blood forming organs (B) | |||
| Heparin | 2.2 (0.8, 5.9) | 17 (22.4) | 38 (10.1) |
| Enoxaparin | 1.6 (0.7, 3.6) | 20 (26.3) | 67 (17.8) |
| Certoparin | 4.9 (0.8, 24.1) | 6 (7.9) | 6 (1.6) |
| Phytomenadione | 2.0 (0.4, 8.5) | 7 (9.2) | 11 (2.9) |
| Erythrocytes | 0.5 (0.1, 3.7) | 6 (7.9) | 10 (2.7) |
| Cardiovascular system (C) | |||
| Amiodarone | 5.5 (1.3, 21.2) | 7 (9.2) | 10 (2.7) |
| Norepinephrine | 0.3 (0.01, 8.4) | 3 (3.9) | 3 (0.8) |
| Dobutamine | 11.8 (0.5, 831.8) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (0.3) |
| Olmesartan | 7.0 (0.4, 88.4) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (0.5) |
| Antiinfectives (J) | |||
| Antibiotics | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | 30 (39.5) | 134 (35.5) |
| Macrolides | 1.4 (0.3, 6.3) | 9 (11.8) | 22 (5.8) |
| Fluoroquinolones | 1.8 (0.5, 6.3) | 14 (18.4) | 40 (10.6) |
| Moxifloxacin | 3.0 (0.2, 32.4) | 3 (3.9) | 3 (0.8) |
| Rifampicin | 6.7 (0.2, 337.0) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (0.3) |
| Ethambutol + pyrazinamide | 12.8 (0.6, 521.2) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (0.3) |
| Musculo-skeletal and nervous system (M/N) | |||
| Methocarbamol | 4.2 (0.1, 164.7) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (0.3) |
| Etomidate | 0.6 (0.1, 5.8) | 5 (6.6) | 7 (1.9) |
| Bupivacaine | 4.2 (0.2, 148.3) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (0.3) |
| Pethidine | 4.3 (0.6, 25.8) | 3 (3.9) | 5 (1.3) |
| Fentanyl | 0.6 (0.1, 2.8) | 8 (10.5) | 20 (5.3) |
| Metamizole | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 26 (34.2) | 101 (26.8) |
| Paracetamol | 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) | 21 (27.6) | 52 (13.8) |
| Carbamazepine | 2.8 (0.4, 15.1) | 4 (5.3) | 5 (1.3) |
| Biperiden | 21.5 (1.03, 759.5) | 5 (6.6) | 1 (0.3) |
| Haloperidol | 1.7 (0.1, 17.5) | 6 (7.9) | 4 (1.1) |
| Clozapine | 34.6 (2.8, 824.9) | 5 (6.6) | 1 (0.3) |
| Olanzapine | 18.6 (2.8, 68.4) | 6 (7.9) | 2 (0.5) |
| Diazepam | 1.5 (0.4, 5.5) | 14 (18.4) | 14 (3.7) |
| Lorazepam | 2.2 (0.8, 6.3) | 16 (21.1) | 26 (6.9) |
| Midazolam | 2.0 (0.5, 7.0) | 14 (18.4) | 23 (6.1) |
| Zolpidem | 2.4 (0.7, 7.7) | 9 (11.8) | 15 (4.0) |
| Hypericum perforatum | 2.9 (0.2, 35.3) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (0.5) |
| Various | |||
| Cough and cold preparations | 0.5 (0.04, 5.7) | 5 (6.6) | 8 (2.1) |
| Mucolytics | 3.0 (0.5, 13.0) | 8 (10.5) | 18 (4.8) |
| Hydrocortisone | 5.4 (0.3, 80.9) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (0.5) |
*
Joint drug assessment (adjusted for age, gender, type of clinical department and all drugs with a significant OR in single drug assessment, i.e. all drugs illustrated in Table 5).