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. 2015 May 22;79(6):988–999. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12565

Table 5.

Odds ratios (OR) of drug-induced liver injury for different drugs based on inpatient cases and controls (numbers in bold indicate significant results)

ATC group OR* (95% CI) 76 cases n (%) 377 controls n (%)
Alimentary tract and metabolism (A)
 Pantoprazole 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) 33 (43.4) 133 (35.3)
 Metoclopramide 1.1 (0.4, 2.9) 16 (21.1) 38 (10.1)
 Dimetindene 3.9 (0.6, 20.4) 5 (6.6) 6 (1.6)
 Lactulose 3.0 (0.9, 9.1) 10 (13.2) 17 (4.5)
 Insulin 0.7 (0.2, 2.5) 11 (14.5) 32 (8.5)
 Multivitamins 1.9 (0.2, 12.6) 5 (6.6) 7 (1.9)
 Potassium 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 22 (28.9) 72 (19.1)
Blood and blood forming organs (B)
 Heparin 2.2 (0.8, 5.9) 17 (22.4) 38 (10.1)
 Enoxaparin 1.6 (0.7, 3.6) 20 (26.3) 67 (17.8)
 Certoparin 4.9 (0.8, 24.1) 6 (7.9) 6 (1.6)
 Phytomenadione 2.0 (0.4, 8.5) 7 (9.2) 11 (2.9)
 Erythrocytes 0.5 (0.1, 3.7) 6 (7.9) 10 (2.7)
Cardiovascular system (C)
 Amiodarone 5.5 (1.3, 21.2) 7 (9.2) 10 (2.7)
 Norepinephrine 0.3 (0.01, 8.4) 3 (3.9) 3 (0.8)
 Dobutamine 11.8 (0.5, 831.8) 4 (5.3) 1 (0.3)
 Olmesartan 7.0 (0.4, 88.4) 3 (3.9) 2 (0.5)
Antiinfectives (J)
 Antibiotics 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 30 (39.5) 134 (35.5)
 Macrolides 1.4 (0.3, 6.3) 9 (11.8) 22 (5.8)
 Fluoroquinolones 1.8 (0.5, 6.3) 14 (18.4) 40 (10.6)
 Moxifloxacin 3.0 (0.2, 32.4) 3 (3.9) 3 (0.8)
 Rifampicin 6.7 (0.2, 337.0) 4 (5.3) 1 (0.3)
 Ethambutol + pyrazinamide 12.8 (0.6, 521.2) 4 (5.3) 1 (0.3)
Musculo-skeletal and nervous system (M/N)
 Methocarbamol 4.2 (0.1, 164.7) 3 (3.9) 1 (0.3)
 Etomidate 0.6 (0.1, 5.8) 5 (6.6) 7 (1.9)
 Bupivacaine 4.2 (0.2, 148.3) 3 (3.9) 1 (0.3)
 Pethidine 4.3 (0.6, 25.8) 3 (3.9) 5 (1.3)
 Fentanyl 0.6 (0.1, 2.8) 8 (10.5) 20 (5.3)
 Metamizole 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) 26 (34.2) 101 (26.8)
 Paracetamol 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) 21 (27.6) 52 (13.8)
 Carbamazepine 2.8 (0.4, 15.1) 4 (5.3) 5 (1.3)
 Biperiden 21.5 (1.03, 759.5) 5 (6.6) 1 (0.3)
 Haloperidol 1.7 (0.1, 17.5) 6 (7.9) 4 (1.1)
 Clozapine 34.6 (2.8, 824.9) 5 (6.6) 1 (0.3)
 Olanzapine 18.6 (2.8, 68.4) 6 (7.9) 2 (0.5)
 Diazepam 1.5 (0.4, 5.5) 14 (18.4) 14 (3.7)
 Lorazepam 2.2 (0.8, 6.3) 16 (21.1) 26 (6.9)
 Midazolam 2.0 (0.5, 7.0) 14 (18.4) 23 (6.1)
 Zolpidem 2.4 (0.7, 7.7) 9 (11.8) 15 (4.0)
Hypericum perforatum 2.9 (0.2, 35.3) 3 (3.9) 2 (0.5)
Various
 Cough and cold preparations 0.5 (0.04, 5.7) 5 (6.6) 8 (2.1)
 Mucolytics 3.0 (0.5, 13.0) 8 (10.5) 18 (4.8)
 Hydrocortisone 5.4 (0.3, 80.9) 3 (3.9) 2 (0.5)
*

Joint drug assessment (adjusted for age, gender, type of clinical department and all drugs with a significant OR in single drug assessment, i.e. all drugs illustrated in Table 5).