Table 2.
Maternal and Infant Characteristics for the Analytic Sample and Bivariate Associations with Maternal Response to Trauma and VBS Scores at 6-Month Follow-Up (N=95)
| Analytic Sample | VBS Scores at 6-Month Follow-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Corr or Mean ± SD | p-val |
| Maternal Characteristics: | |||
| Demographic / Health | |||
| Age (y; M ± SD) | 32.6 ± 6.2 | −.02 | .83 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White, Non-Hispanic | 32 (33.7%) | 28.4 ± 5.5 | .83 |
| Hispanic | 29 (30.5%) | 28.1 ± 4.5 | |
| Other | 34 (35.8%) | 28.9 ± 5.6 | |
| Household income | |||
| <$50k | 24 (25.3%) | 28.5 ± 4.0 | .99 |
| $50-$99k | 14 (14.7%) | 28.4 ± 5.4 | |
| ≥$100k or no answer | 57 (60.0%) | 28.5 ± 5.7 | |
| Education | |||
| Less than college | 35 (36.8%) | 29.4 ± 5.6 | .41 |
| College degree | 28 (29.5%) | 27.6 ± 5.3 | |
| Post-graduate degree | 32 (33.7%) | 28.3 ± 4.7 | |
| Prior reproductive health trauma still stressful | |||
| No | 80 (84.2%) | 28.5 ± 4.9 | .98 |
| Yes | 15 (15.8%) | 28.5 ± 6.9 | |
| Bed rest during pregnancy | |||
| No | 66 (69.5%) | 29.0 ± 5.1 | .19 |
| Yes | 20 (21.0%) | 27.9 ± 5.0 | |
| Unknown | 9 (9.5%) | 25.9 ± 5.8 | |
| Psychosocial Factors | |||
| Any traumas during lifetime (TEQ) | 54 (56.8%) | 27.3 ± 4.4 | .009 |
| No | 41 (43.2%) | 30.1 ± 5.7 | |
| Yes | |||
| MINI | |||
| PTSD | |||
| No symptoms | 91 (95.8%) | 28.5 ± 5.1 | .85 |
| Symptoms of PTSD | 4 (4.2%) | 28.0 ± 7.3 | |
| Diagnosis of PTSD | 0 (0%) | n/a | |
| Depression† | |||
| No symptoms | 45 (47.4%) | 26.7 ± 4.3 | .002 |
| Symptoms of depression | 15 (l5.8%) | 28.4 ± 4.7 | |
| Diagnosis of depression | 35 (36.8%) | 30.8 ± 5.7 | |
| Anxiety | |||
| No symptoms | 63 (66.3%) | 28.0 ± 5.0 | .10 |
| Symptoms of anxiety | 23 (24.2%) | 28.5 ± 5.2 | |
| Diagnosis of anxiety | 9 (9.5%) | 32.0 ± 5.8 | |
| Coping Styles | |||
| Emotion-focused | 26.1 ± 5.0 | −.20 | .05 |
| Problem-focused | 18.2 ± 3.8 | −.01 | .96 |
| Dysfunctional | 20.9 ± 4.9 | .42 | <.001 |
| High family social support | |||
| No | 29 (30.5%) | 30.2 ± 5.8 | .03 |
| Yes | 66 (69.5%) | 27.7 ± 4.8 | |
| Maternal Response to Trauma | |||
| Trauma | 45.8 ± 25.4 | .44 | <.001 |
| Depression | 19.3 ± 10.1 | .52 | <.001 |
| Anxiety | 21.3 ± 12.1 | .39 | <.001 |
| Sequelae of Maternal Trauma | |||
| Alteration of parent role | 3.69 ± 0.98 | .27 | .008 |
| Stress related to the infant's appearance and behavior | 2.89 ± 1.01 | .27 | .008 |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Gestational age (wks) | 31.4 ± 2.9 | −.19 | .06 |
| Birthweight (g) | 1581± 551 | −.19 | .06 |
| Infant severity score* | 2.52 (1.59, 5.50) | .21 | .04 |
| Length of hospitalization* (days) | 39 (22, 71) | .18 | .08 |
*
Median (25th, 75th percentile)
†
Mothers with a diagnosis of depression had significantly higher VBS scores than mothers with no symptoms of depression.