Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participant mothers and their newborns.
| Variables N | Male 92 | Female 56 | Total 148 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or N (%) | |||
| Mother | |||
| Age (years) | 29.26 ± 5.04 | 29.51 ± 4.78 | 29.35 ± 4.93 |
| Pre-BMI (kg/m2) | 21.72 ± 3.23 | 22.48 ± 4.01 | 22.01 ± 3.55 |
| Weight gain (kg) | 12.73 ± 4.95 | 13.47 ± 4.55 | 13.01 ± 4.80 |
| Parity | |||
| 1 | 48 (52.2) | 28 (50.0) | 76 (51.4) |
| 2 | 39 (42.4) | 24 (42.9) | 63 (42.6) |
| 3 | 5 (5.4) | 2 (3.6) | 7 (4.7) |
| 4 | 0 | 2 (3.6) | 2 (1.4) |
| Education level | |||
| < college | 40 (45.5) | 21 (38.9) | 61 (43.0) |
| ≥ college | 48 (54.5) | 33 (61.1) | 81 (57.0) |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| Yes | 4 (4.4) | 0 | 4 (2.7) |
| Drinking alcohol | |||
| Yes | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 1 (0.7) |
| Newborn | |||
| Gestation age (weeks) | 38.44 ± 1.07 | 38.71 ± 1.18 | 38.54 ± 1.12 |
| Birth height (cm) | 50.16 ± 1.68 | 49.65 ± 1.89 | 49.97 ± 1.78 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3126.79 ± 340.45 | 3079.55 ± 336.17 | 3108.91 ± 338.47 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) | 33.85 ± 1.45 | 33.44 ± 1.38 | 33.70 ± 1.43 |
| 1-minute-Apgar score | 7.95 ± 0.20 | 7.80 ± 0.86 | 7.89 ± 0.55 |
| 5-minute-Apgar score | 8.96 ± 0.17 | 8.89 ± 0.45 | 8.93 ± 0.31 |
Abbreviation: SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; Apgar = Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration