Table 6. Multivariable regression of factors associated with disability, adults 50+ years, pooled countries, SAGE Wave 1 (N = 29,996).

	Adjusted Coefficient	95% CI a
Back Pain Intensity (Reference: No back pain)
Low	-3.3***	-4.2,-2.5
Moderate	5.0 ***	4.2,5.7
High	18.6***	16.5,20.6
Sex (Reference: males)
Female	0.9**	0.3,1.5
Age Group (Reference: 50–59 years)
60–69 years	1.4***	0.8,1.9
70–79 years	5.4***	4.6,6.2
80+ years	13.0***	11.3,14.7
Education (Reference: completed university/college)
Completed secondary	2.8***	1.8,3.9
Completed primary	4.2***	3.1,5.2
No primary	5.4***	4.4,6.5
Marital Status(Reference: never married)
Married	-1.4	-3.7,0.9
Separated/divorced/widowed	-0.1	-2.2,2.6
Work Status (Reference: currently working)
Never worked	3.9***	2.8,5.0
Not currently working	3.1***	2.3,3.8
Wealth Status (Reference: highest)
Second highest	1.4***	0.9,2.4
Mid	2.7***	1.7,3.8
Second lowest	3.3***	2.3,4.2
Lowest (poorest)	4.8***	3.9,5.8
Residence (Reference: urban)
Rural	3.0***	2.1,3.9
Smoker (Reference: not current)
Current	-0.2	-0.8,0.5
Alcohol (Reference: Never drinkers)
Former drinkers	0.7	-0.2,1.6
Current drinkers	-0,4	-1.0,0.3
Waist Circumference (Reference: low risk)
High risk	-0.3	-0.0,0.3
Physical Activity (Reference: low)
Moderate	-3.9***	-4.7,-3.0
High	-4.9***	-5.7,-4.1
Chronic Conditions Count (Reference: none)
1	3.8***	3.1,4.4
2+	9.3***	8.3,10.3
Country (Reference: China)
Ghana	10.3***	9.1,11.4
India	15.3***	14.3,16.3
Mexico	4.4***	2.1,6.8
Russian Federation	8.1***	6.5,9.7
South Africa	7.9***	6.7,9.1

^aConfidence Interval

***p<0.01

**<0.05

*p<0.1

Variance Inflation Factor VIF = 2.05.