Table 1. Wing-beat Characteristics. Comparison of various flight parameters when the pattern was moving at the highest speed in (+1) or against (−1) the flight direction, with a corresponding set of control measurements when the pattern was stationary.

	Moving pattern (+1)		Stationary control		Statistical comparison	Moving pattern (-1)		Stationary control		Statistical comparison
	Avg.	Std. Dev.	Avg.	Std. Dev.	p (T-Test)	Avg.	Std.Dev.	Avg.	Std. Dev.	p (T-Test)
WB-Dur. (ms)	60	3	62	4	0.030	60	4	60	3	0.608
WB-No.	19	5	21	6	0.006	20	5	19	5	0.038
FB-Dur.(ms)	699	125	687	103	0.700	751	156	738	141	0.744
FB-Perc.	44%	12%	40%	11%	0.067	44%	13%	44%	11%	0.893

Shown are the average duration of the wing beat (WB-Dur.), the total number of wing beats (WB-No.), the average amount of time spent flap-bounding per flight (FB-Dur.), and the relative amount of time spent flap-bounding (FB-Perc.). The p values represent the results of two-tailed paired T-tests to check for significant differences between the parameter values measured in the tests with the moving patterns, and the corresponding stationary controls. Note that the values for the stationary controls are not the same in the two sets, because separate control trials were conducted prior to each experiment with a moving pattern. This was done to account for daily variation in the birds’ performance, as experimental conditions were conducted on different days (see ‘Experimental Procedures’).