Table 2.
Primary outcomes.
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiposity | No treatment |
MES + HS |
|||||
| Baseline | No treatment | Δ no treat | Baseline | MES + HS | ΔMES + HS | p value | |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 148.4 ± 6.4 | 143.2 ± 6.8 | − 5.2 | 147.4 ± 6.6 | 134.7 ± 6.4 | − 12.7 | 0.037 |
| SubQ fat area (cm2) | 191.7 ± 9.5 | 191.0 ± 9.6 | − 0.7 | 190.3 ± 9.1 | 187.4 ± 8.5 | − 2.9 | 0.321 |
| Total fat area (cm2) | 340.1 ± 13.2 | 334.3 ± 13.0 | − 5.9 | 337.7 ± 12.7 | 322.1 ± 12.0 | − 15.6 | 0.019 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 0.5 | 26.7 ± 0.6 | − 0.04 | 26.8 ± 0.4 | 25.8 ± 0.4 | − 0.10 | 0.328 |
| Wc (cm) | 94.1 ± 1.0 | 93.9 ± 1.0 | − 0.2 | 93.9 ± 1.1 | 92.9 ± 1.1 | − 1.0 | 0.033 |
| Glucose control | |||||||
| Blood glucose at 0 min (mg/dL) | 112.3 ± 1.8 | 110.1 ± 2.4 | − 2.2 | 112.7 ± 1.8 | 106.7 ± 2.5 | − 6.0 | 0.029 |
| Insulin at 0 min (μIU/mL) | 11.4 ± 1.0 | 11.7 ± 1.0 | 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | − l.l | 0.049 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 0.05 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | − 0.4 | 0.024 |
| Insulinogenic index | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | − 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | − 0.7 | 0.042 |
| HOMA-β | 87.8 ± 9.0 | 88.8 ± 7.3 | 1.0 | 78.7 ± 6.5 | 84.0 ± 6.7 | 5.3 | 0.732 |
| QUICKI | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | − 0.003 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Composite WBISI | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.029 |
| Glucose AUC | 334.2 ± 10.6 | 330.4 ± 12.3 | − 3.8 | 337.2 ± 12.4 | 325.1 ± 12.9 | − 12.1 | 0.150 |
| IRI AUC | 152.6 ± 10.6 | 148.1 ± 12.2 | − 4.5 | 145.3 ± 9.6 | 139.4 ± 9.7 | − 5.9 | 0.385 |
| HbAlc (%) | 5.24 ± 0.09 | 5.23 ± 0.08 | − 0.01 | 5.29 ± 0.08 | 5.22 ± 0.09 | − 0.07 | 0.143 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |||||||
| Adiposity | No treatment |
MES + HS |
|||||
| Baseline | No treatment | Δ no treat | Baseline | MES + HS | ΔMES + HS | p value | |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 186.0 ± 9.8 | 187.1 ± 9.3 | l.l | 191.8 ± 9.5 | 179.9 ± 7.0 | − 20.9 | 0.003 |
| SubO fat area (cm2) | 160.4 ± 11.1 | 170.0 ± 12.6 | 9.6 | 167.8 ± 12.4 | 169.9 ± 12.5 | 2.1 | 0.041 |
| total fat area (cm2) | 346.4 ± 19.2 | 357.1 ± 20.7 | 10.7 | 359.6 ± 20.6 | 340.8 ± 17.6 | − 18.8 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 0.8 | 27.8 ± 0.8 | − 0.02 | 27.8 ± 0.8 | 27.4 ± 0.8 | − 0.4 | 0.027 |
| Wc (cm) | 97.7 ± 2.0 | 100.5 ± 3.1 | 2.8 | 97.9 ± 2.1 | 95.2 ± 1.8 | − 2.7 | 0.021 |
| Glucose control | |||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 147.7 ± 7.1 | 148.2 ± 6.2 | 0.5 | 148.6 ± 6.2 | 133.1 ± 5.4 | − 15.5 | 0.000 l |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 13.6 ± 1.6 | − 0.7 | 15.0 ± 2.0 | 11.1 ± 1.6 | − 3.9 | 0.024 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | − 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | − 1.9 | 0.009 |
| HOMA-β | 73.2 ± 11.4 | 65.4 ± 8.4 | − 7.8 | 70.8 ± 9.4 | 66.8 ± 12.4 | − 4.0 | 0.362 |
| HbAlc (%) | 7.35 ± 0.17 | 7.29 ± 0.1 | − 0.06 | 7.27 ± 0.17 | 6.78 ± 0.14 | − 0.49 | 0.009 |
The results of MES + HS intervention data compared to no treatment period. Values are expressed as mean ± S.D. Other abbreviations are the same as Table 1.