Table 1.

Effects of substance of abuse on clock gene expression

Drugs	Meso-corticolimbic Area	SCN
Psychostimulants	Cocaine shifts clock-gene rodents Per1 mRNA (Akhisaroglu, Ahmed, Kurtuncu, Manev, & Uz, 2004; Manev & Uz, 2009; Uz et al., 2005; Uz, Akhisaroglu, Ahmed, & Manev, 2003) Cocaine affects mPER1, mPER2, mPER3 protein expression and NPAS2 mRNA profile (Falcon, Ozburn, Mukherjee, Roybal, & McClung, 2013) Amphetamine shifts and reverses mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA patterns (Wongchitrat, Mukda, Phansuwan-Pujito, & Govitrapong, 2013) Amphetamine affects rPER1 protein diurnal pattern (Webb et al., 2009) Methamphetamine shifts mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA diurnal patterns (Iijima, Nikaido, Akiyama, Moriya, & Shibata, 2002)	No effect in mice (Honma & Honma, 2009; Iijima et al., 2002; Masubuchi et al., 2000)
Opioids	Morphine withdrawal shifts mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA patterns (Li, Liu, Jiang, & Lu, 2009) Disruption of hPer1 and hPer2 in abstinent heroin addicts (Li, Shi, et al., 2009)	No effect in mice (Li, Liu, et al., 2009)
Alcohol	Chronic alcohol alters clock genes and clock-controlled genes in liver (Filiano et al., 2013)	No effect in mice (Filiano et al., 2013) Fetal alcohol exposure alters rPer1, rPer2 and rPer3 mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and SCN (Chen, Kuhn, Advis, & Sarkar, 2006)