Table 4.
Adjusted mean percent changes (and 95% CIs) in blood biomarker levels for a 5000 particles/cm3 increase in PNC at the central (SPH) site, near-highway (MAC) site, and RHA based on current, lagged, and MA exposure metrics
| PNC exposure metric | IL-6* |
hs-CRP† |
TNF-RII‡ |
Fibrinogen§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated percent change (95% CI) | Estimated percent change (95% CI) | Estimated percent change (95% CI) | Absolute change (95% CI) | |
| SPH | ||||
| Current | –3.5 (–12.7, 6.6) | –11.2 (–20.1, 1.3) | –0.9 (–4.5, 2.8) | –10.0 (–20.2, 0.2) |
| 1-day lag | –1.7 (–14.5, 13.1) | –12.4 (–24.8, 2.0) | 1.9 (–3.5, 7.7) | –0.5 (–16.3, 15.2) |
| 2-day lag | 9.3 (–3.6, 23.8) | 13.3 (–1.3, 30.2) | 0.4 (–4.0, 5.0) | 15.3 (l.8, 28.9) |
| 3-day MA | 14.8 (–5.0, 38.8) | –3.7 (–22.0, 18.9) | 3.8 (–4.0, 12.2) | 13.6 (–8.7, 35.9) |
| 7-day MA | 5.6 (–18.9, 37.7) | 8.4 (–18.7, 44.7) | 15.9 (5.9, 27.0) | 22.5 (–6.0, 50.9) |
| 14-day MA | 30.8 (–5.1, 80.4) | 19.0 (–15.9, 68.2) | 13.2 (0.3, 27.7) | 25.4 (–12.9, 63.6) |
| 21-day MA | 41.9 (–3.5, 108.7) | 40.8 (–8.3, 116.1) | 12.4 (–5.2, 33.2) | 34.0 (–15.4, 83.5) |
| 28-day MA | 91.5 (9.4, 235.0) | 73.7 (–6.6, 223.0) | 8.6 (–15.7, 39.8) | 58.7 (–12.8, 130.2) |
| MAC | ||||
| Current | –5.1 (–10.1, 1.1) | –12.3 (–17.8, –6.4) | –0.7 (–3.0, 1.6) | –2.3 (–8.2, 3.7) |
| 1-day lag | 0.6 (–7.1, 9.0) | –6.8 (–14.1, 1.1) | 1.1 (–1.9, 4.1) | –2.5 (–10.3, 5.3) |
| 2-day lag | 1.7 ( –6.4, 10.4) | –3.5 (–11.5, 5.3) | 1.2 (–2.0, 4.5) | 7.1 (–1.4, 15.6) |
| 3-day MA | 5.0 (–5.8, 17.1) | –3.0 (–12.6, 7.8) | 1.6 (–2.8, 6.3) | 0.8 (–10.8, 12.3) |
| 7-day MA | –1.4 (–14.1, 13.2) | –4.5 (–16.7, 9.4) | 3.9 (–0.6, 8.5) | 8.9 (–3.6, 21.4) |
| 14-dayMA | 2.6 (–13.2, 21.3) | –7.2 (–22.8, 11.6) | 2.1 (–4.2, 8.8) | 5.2 (–12.7, 23.1) |
| 21-day MA | –0.8 (–23.6, 28.7) | –8.5 (–31.9, 23.0) | 0.7 (–10.0, 12.7) | 3.5 (–28.3, 35.3) |
| 28-day MA | –3.2 (–28.8, 31.5) | 14.7 (–15.6, 55.8) | 11.3 (–2.8, 27.5) | 16.4 (–18.6, 51.4) |
| RHA | ||||
| Current | –2.8 (–7.6, 2.2) | –3.2 (–8.4, 2.2) | –0.1 (–1.8, 1.7) | –3.4 (–8.9, 2.0) |
| 1-day lag | 0.2 (–4.9, 5.6) | –4.0 (–9.5, 1.8) | –0.2 (–1.9, 1.7) | –3.5 (–8.9, 1.8) |
| 2-day lag | 1.2 (–3.7, 6.4) | –0.9 (–6.3, 4.8) | 0.5 (–1.3, 2.4) | 1.7 (–3.7, 7.2) |
| 3-day MA | –0.6 (–7.1, 6.3) | –3.2 (–10.3, 4.4) | 0.7 (–1.8, 3.4) | 1.8 (–5.4, 9.0) |
| 7-day MA | –7.7 (–15.1, 0.3) | –5.8 (–14.2, 3.5) | –0.5 (–3.6, 2.7) | 2.1 (–7.3, 11.5) |
| 14-dayMA | –7.0 (–18.1, 6.4) | –2.3 (–16.1, 13.9) | 1.1 (–3.8, 6.3) | 3.8 (–10.4, 17.9) |
| 21-day MA | –2.7 (–16.8, 13.8) | 6.2 (–11.1, 27.0) | 1.4 (–4.7, 7.9) | 7.7 (–8.6, 22.0) |
| 28-day MA | –4.8 (–19.9, 13.2) | 6.4 (–12.4, 29.2) | 2.2 (–4.7, 9.6) | 4.2 (–13.7, 22.2) |
RHA = residential hourly -averaged concentrations.
Bold values are significant at the 5% level of significance (alpha<0.05).
*
Adjusted for age, education, body mass index, smoking, hypertensive medications, income, and weekday.
†
Adjusted for age, body mass index, employment, income, and weekday.
‡
Adjusted for age, race, education, body mass index, congestive heart failure, employment, and ambient temperature.
§
Adjusted for age, education, body mass index, smoking, congestive heart failure, weekday, and ambient temperature.