Table 2.
Lifetime Axis I psychiatric disorders and pharmacological treatment
| BP subjects (n = 257) |
Non-BP subjects (n = 105) |
χ2 statistic | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime Axis I psychiatric disorders, % | ||||
| BP-I BP-II BP-NOS |
69.1 30.5 0.4 |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
| MDD | – | 37.1 | – | – |
| DD | – | 9.5 | – | – |
| Psychosis | 13.2 | 1.9 | 10.68 | 0.001 |
| ADHD | 25.3 | 5.7 | 18.12 | < 0.0001 |
| DBD ODD CD |
36.2 26.9 21.8 |
8.6 4.8 3.8 |
28.09 22.36 17.43 |
< 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 |
| SUD | 64.6 | 39.1 | 19.87 | < 0.0001 |
| Any anxiety Panic SAD GAD PTSD OCD |
71.2 42.0 8.6 30.7 38.1 14.4 |
25.7 6.7 6.7 3.8 13.3 3.8 |
63.33 42.99 0.36 30.59 21.46 8.32 |
< 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.50 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.004 |
| Eating disorder | 17.5 | 5.7 | 8.57 | 0.003 |
| Pharmacological treatments, % | ||||
| Antipsychotics | 57.2 | 4.8 | 84.15 | < 0.0001 |
| Antidepressants | 69.7 | 31.4 | 44.88 | < 0.0001 |
| Stimulants | 9.3 | 1.0 | 8.15 | 0.004 |
| Lithium | 32.7 | 0.0 | 44.69 | < 0.0001 |
| Antimanic anticonvulsants | 33.5 | 2.9 | 37.66 | < 0.0001 |
| Other anticonvulsants | 54.9 | 5.7 | 74.66 | < 0.0001 |
| ADHD medications | 2.0 | 1.0 | Fisher's | 0.70 |
| Sedatives/hypnotics | 51.4 | 15.2 | 40.25 | < 0.0001 |
| Antihistamines | 15.2 | 8.6 | 2.83 | 0.09 |
| Opiates | 12.5 | 10.5 | 0.28 | 0.60 |
| Muscle relaxants | 3.9 | 4.8 | Fisher's | 0.80 |
| Other psychotropic medications | 9.3 | 7.6 | 0.27 | 0.60 |
BP = bipolar disorder; BP-I = bipolar I disorder; BP-II = bipolar II disorder; BP-NOS = bipolar disorder not otherwise specified; MDD = major depressive disorder; DD = dysthymic disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; DBD = disruptive behavior disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; SUD = substance use disorder; SAD = separation anxiety disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder.