Table 1.
CC > BL
|
E(C) > BL
|
CC > E(C)
|
E(C) > CC
|
CC post-stimulation
|
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ROI
|
Whole brain
|
ROI
|
Whole brain
|
ROI
|
Whole brain
|
ROI
|
Whole brain
|
ROI
|
Whole brain
|
|||||
↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | |
Brainstem | ◆ | ◆ | ◆ | ◆ | ◆ | |||||||||
dorsal raphe | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | |||||
hypoglossal | l*** | u | u | u | l*** | u | l*** | u | u | |||||
locus coeruleus | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | |||||
nucleus cuneatus | u | u | u | l** | u | u | u | u | u | |||||
parabrachial area | r*** | u | u | u | r*** | u | r*** | u | u | |||||
periaqueductal gray | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | |||||
principal spinal trigeminal nucleus | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | u | u | u | |||||
red nucleus | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | |||||
solitary nucleus | l*** | u | u | u | l*** | u | l*** | u | u | |||||
spinal trigeminal nucleus | b*** | u | u | l** | b*** | u | l*** | u | u | |||||
substantia nigra | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | |||||
ventral medulla | b*** | u | u | l** | u | b*** | u | u | u | |||||
Forebrain | ||||||||||||||
amygdala | r*** | u | r*** | u | u | u | r*** | r*** | u | u | r*** | u | u | u |
anterior cingulate | ni | ni | b*** | u | ni | u | ni | b*** | ni | u | ni | ni | u | b** |
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | u |
caudate | ni | ni | r*** | u | ni | u | ni | u | ni | u | ni | ni | l*** | u |
cerebellum | ni | ni | b*** | u | ni | r** | ni | b*** | ni | u | ni | ni | b** | u |
fornix | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | u |
hippocampus | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | u | b*** | u | l*** | u |
hypothalamus | u | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
insula | b*** | u | b*** | u | r* | r*** | b*** | b*** | u | u | b*** | u | r*** | u |
nucleus accumbens | r *** | u | b*** | u | u | u | r*** | r*** | u | u | l*** | r*** | u | u |
orbital frontal cortex | ni | ni | b*** | u | ni | u | ni | r* | ni | u | ni | ni | u | u |
paracentral lobule | b* | u | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | u | b** |
postcentral gyrus | b*** | u | b*** | u | b* | u | b* | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | b** |
putamen | ni | ni | r*** | u | ni | u | ni | u | ni | u | ni | ni | r*** | u |
stria terminalis | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | b*** | u | u | u | u | u | u |
1 | ||||||||||||||
thalamus | b*** | u | b*** | u | u | u | b*** | b*** | u | u | b*** | u | b** | u |
CC = cymba conchae stimulation
E(C) = earlobe (control) stimulation
BL = baseline
◆ = Widespread activity throughout brainstem (corrected, p<0.0001)
bilateral thalamic activations found specifically within anterior thalamic nuclei
↑ = activation
↓= deactivation
= p < 0.04
= p < 0.01
= p < 0.0001
r = right
l = left
b = bilateral
u = undetected
ni = region not included in ROI analysis