Table 1.
Description of study sample, overall and by Parkinson's disease status among Medicare beneficiaries. National Medicare 5% sample, 2006-2007.
| Variables | Overall | Col.% | PD | Col.% | No PD | Col.% | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 60,874 | N = 10,865 | N = 50,009 | |||||
| Predisposing characteristics | |||||||
| Gender | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Female | 35,470 | 58.3 | 5,421 | 49.9 | 30,049 | 60.1 | |
| Male | 25,404 | 41.7 | 5,444 | 50.1 | 19,960 | 39.9 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| White | 54,652 | 89.8 | 10,007 | 92.1 | 44,645 | 89.3 | |
| AA | 3,695 | 6.1 | 425 | 3.9 | 3,270 | 6.5 | |
| Others | 2,527 | 4.2 | 433 | 4.0 | 2,094 | 4.2 | |
| Age group | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| 65–74 | 29,725 | 48.8 | 3,927 | 36.1 | 25,798 | 51.6 | |
| 75, + | 31,149 | 51.2 | 6,938 | 63.9 | 24,211 | 48.4 | |
|
| |||||||
| Enabling characteristics | |||||||
| Public assistance | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Yes | 7,445 | 12.2 | 1,742 | 16.0 | 5,703 | 11.4 | |
| No | 53,429 | 87.8 | 9,123 | 84.0 | 44,306 | 88.6 | |
|
| |||||||
| External environmental characteristics | |||||||
| Census region | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Northeastern | 11,983 | 19.7 | 2,399 | 22.1 | 9,584 | 19.2 | |
| Midwest | 15,842 | 26.0 | 2,837 | 26.1 | 13,005 | 26.0 | |
| South | 23,323 | 38.3 | 3,931 | 36.2 | 19,392 | 38.8 | |
| West | 9,726 | 16.0 | 1,698 | 15.6 | 8,028 | 16.1 | |
| Metro status | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Metro | 46,162 | 75.8 | 8,448 | 77.8 | 37,714 | 75.4 | |
| No metro | 14,712 | 24.2 | 2,417 | 22.2 | 12,295 | 24.6 | |
|
| |||||||
| Personal health practices | |||||||
| Substance use | |||||||
| Yes | 2,337 | 3.8 | 440 | 4.0 | 1,897 | 3.8 | |
| No | 58,537 | 96.2 | 10,425 | 96.0 | 48,112 | 96.2 | |
| Inpatient visit | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Yes | 12,875 | 21.2 | 3,584 | 33.0 | 9,291 | 18.6 | |
| No | 47,999 | 78.8 | 7,281 | 67.0 | 40,718 | 81.4 | |
| DME visit | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Yes | 19,239 | 31.6 | 4,679 | 43.1 | 14,560 | 29.1 | |
| No | 41,635 | 68.4 | 6,186 | 56.9 | 35,449 | 70.9 | |
| Hospice visit | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Yes | 256 | 0.4 | 122 | 1.1 | 134 | 0.3 | |
| No | 60,618 | 99.6 | 10,743 | 98.9 | 49,875 | 99.7 | |
| SNF visit | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Yes | 3,576 | 5.9 | 1,597 | 14.7 | 1,979 | 4.0 | |
| No | 57,298 | 94.1 | 9,268 | 85.3 | 48,030 | 96.0 | |
| Outpatient visit quintile | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| 0-0 | 14,403 | 23.7 | 1,708 | 15.7 | 12,695 | 25.4 | |
| 1-1 | 10,153 | 16.7 | 1,469 | 13.5 | 8,684 | 17.4 | |
| 2-3 | 13,303 | 21.9 | 2,306 | 21.2 | 10,997 | 22.0 | |
| 4–6 | 10,654 | 17.5 | 2,234 | 20.6 | 8,420 | 16.8 | |
| 7–178 | 12,361 | 20.3 | 3,148 | 29.0 | 9,213 | 18.4 | |
| Office visit quintile | ∗∗∗ | ||||||
| 0–5 | 9,433 | 15.5 | 502 | 4.6 | 8,931 | 17.9 | |
| 6–10 | 12,697 | 20.9 | 1,335 | 12.3 | 11,362 | 22.7 | |
| 11–16 | 12,676 | 20.8 | 2,082 | 19.2 | 10,594 | 21.2 | |
| 17–25 | 12,058 | 19.8 | 2,632 | 24.2 | 9,426 | 18.8 | |
| 26–281 | 14,010 | 23.0 | 4,314 | 39.7 | 9,696 | 19.4 | |
|
| |||||||
| Need factor | |||||||
| Average | S.D. | Average | S.D. | Average | S.D. | ||
| Number of comorbidities | 17.26 | 10.38 | 21.97 | 11.75 | 16.24 | 9.76 | ∗∗∗ |
Note: based on 10,865 and 50,009 elderly (age 65 or older) Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson's disease who were continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and Part B during 2006 and 2007 and were not enrolled in Health Maintenance Organizations during 2006 and 2007; they had a positive direct total healthcare expenditure; individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as well as those without full year enrollments due to death or some other reason were excluded from the final sample.
PD: Parkinson's disease; AA: African American; SUD: substance use disorder; DME: durable medical equipment; HHA: Home Health Agency; SNF: skilled nursing facility; S.D.: Standard Deviation.
∗∗∗ p < .001; ∗∗.001 ≤ p < .01; ∗.01 ≤ p < .05.