Table 2.
Number and percent with home healthcare use and average home healthcare expenditures among users by Parkinson's disease status among elderly Medicare beneficiaries. National Medicare 5% sample, 2006-2007.
| All | Percent with home healthcare use | Average home healthcare expenditures among users | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | No PD | Sig. | PD | No PD | Sig. | |||||
| 2,445 | 22.5 | 4,601 | 9.2 | ∗∗∗ | $6,792 | $6,640 | $4,965 | $5,537 | ||
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | 1,348 | 24.9 | 3,148 | 10.5 | ∗∗∗ | $7,055 | $198 | $5,201 | $108 | ∗∗∗ |
| Male | 1,097 | 20.2 | 1,453 | 7.3 | ∗∗∗ | $6,469 | $227 | $4,453 | $149 | ∗∗∗ |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 2,202 | 22.0 | 3,933 | 8.8 | ∗∗∗ | $6,556 | $144 | $4,601 | $86 | ∗∗∗ |
| AA | 135 | 31.8 | 447 | 13.7 | ∗∗∗ | $8,965 | $648 | $6,639 | $312 | ∗∗∗ |
| Others | 108 | 24.9 | 221 | 10.6 | ∗∗∗ | $8,904 | $1,268 | $8,048 | $726 | |
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 65–74 | 679 | 17.3 | 1,417 | 5.5 | ∗∗∗ | $6,545 | $288 | $4,622 | $164 | ∗∗∗ |
| 75, + | 1,766 | 25.5 | 3,184 | 13.2 | ∗∗∗ | $6,887 | $173 | $5,117 | $103 | ∗∗∗ |
|
| ||||||||||
| Enabling characteristic | ||||||||||
| Public assistance | ||||||||||
| Yes | 392 | 22.5 | 875 | 15.3 | ∗∗∗ | $8,368 | $514 | $6,785 | $286 | ∗∗ |
| No | 2,053 | 22.5 | 3,726 | 8.4 | ∗∗∗ | $6,491 | $142 | $4,537 | $84 | ∗∗∗ |
|
| ||||||||||
| External environmental characteristics | ||||||||||
| Census regions | ||||||||||
| Northeastern | 562 | 23.4 | 996 | 10.4 | ∗∗∗ | $5,832 | $261 | $3,800 | $157 | ∗∗∗ |
| Midwest | 529 | 18.6 | 1,010 | 7.8 | ∗∗∗ | $5,901 | $219 | $4,080 | $128 | ∗∗∗ |
| South | 1,031 | 26.2 | 1,999 | 10.3 | ∗∗∗ | $7,958 | $278 | $6,120 | $162 | ∗∗∗ |
| West | 323 | 19.0 | 596 | 7.4 | ∗∗∗ | $6,205 | $308 | $4,536 | $182 | ∗∗∗ |
| Metro status | ||||||||||
| Metro | 1,986 | 23.5 | 3,584 | 9.5 | ∗∗∗ | $6,890 | $174 | $4,997 | $104 | ∗∗∗ |
| No metro | 459 | 19.0 | 1017 | 8.3 | ∗∗∗ | $6,372 | $270 | $4,852 | $150 | ∗∗∗ |
|
| ||||||||||
| Personal health choice | ||||||||||
| Substance use disorder | ||||||||||
| Yes | 126 | 28.6 | 275 | 14.5 | ∗∗∗ | $6,385 | $544 | $5,190 | $305 | ∗ |
| No | 2,319 | 22.2 | 4,326 | 9.0 | ∗∗∗ | $6,814 | $154 | $4,950 | $91 | ∗∗∗ |
| Inpatient visit | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1,141 | 31.8 | 1,866 | 20.1 | ∗∗∗ | $7,971 | $268 | $5,699 | $165 | ∗∗∗ |
| No | 1,304 | 17.9 | 2,735 | 6.7 | ∗∗∗ | $5,761 | $160 | $4,464 | $91 | ∗∗∗ |
| DME visit | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1,499 | 32.0 | 2,377 | 16.3 | ∗∗∗ | $7,766 | $236 | $5,891 | $147 | ∗∗∗ |
| No | 946 | 15.3 | 2,224 | 6.3 | ∗∗∗ | $5,250 | $143 | $3,974 | $78 | ∗∗∗ |
| Hospice visit | ||||||||||
| Yes | 19 | 15.6 | 23 | 17.2 | $6,542 | $2,600 | $6,286 | $1,749 | ||
| No | 2,426 | 22.6 | 4,578 | 9.2 | ∗∗∗ | $6,794 | $149 | $4,958 | $88 | ∗∗∗ |
| SNF visit | ||||||||||
| Yes | 499 | 31.2 | 567 | 28.7 | $8,133 | $423 | $6,314 | $290 | ∗∗∗ | |
| No | 1,946 | 21.0 | 4,034 | 8.4 | ∗∗∗ | $6,449 | $158 | $4,775 | $90 | ∗∗∗ |
| Outpatient visit quintile | ||||||||||
| 0-0 | 313 | 18.3 | 809 | 6.4 | ∗∗∗ | $6,818 | $392 | $4,991 | $207 | ∗∗∗ |
| 1-1 | 303 | 20.6 | 668 | 7.7 | ∗∗∗ | $7,176 | $501 | $5,104 | $280 | ∗∗∗ |
| 2-3 | 514 | 22.3 | 972 | 8.8 | ∗∗∗ | $6,791 | $325 | $4,942 | $191 | ∗∗∗ |
| 4–6 | 545 | 24.4 | 860 | 10.2 | ∗∗∗ | $6,557 | $257 | $4,553 | $160 | ∗∗∗ |
| 7 and higher | 770 | 24.5 | 1,292 | 14.0 | ∗∗∗ | $6,798 | $275 | $5,167 | $168 | ∗∗∗ |
| Office visit quintile | ||||||||||
| 0–5 | 72 | 14.3 | 387 | 4.3 | ∗∗∗ | $4,786 | $478 | $4,134 | $189 | |
| 6–10 | 206 | 15.4 | 630 | 5.5 | ∗∗∗ | $5,457 | $343 | $4,496 | $170 | ∗∗ |
| 11–16 | 372 | 17.9 | 816 | 7.7 | ∗∗∗ | $6,037 | $308 | $4,637 | $172 | ∗∗∗ |
| 17–25 | 570 | 21.7 | 1,048 | 11.1 | ∗∗∗ | $6,089 | $246 | $4,758 | $146 | ∗∗∗ |
| 26 and higher | 1,225 | 28.4 | 1,720 | 17.7 | ∗∗∗ | $7,691 | $275 | $5,604 | $177 | ∗∗∗ |
|
| ||||||||||
| Need factors | ||||||||||
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||||||
| <=16 | 623 | 15.4 | 1,552 | 5.3 | ∗∗∗ | $5,649 | $195 | $4,207 | $104 | ∗∗∗ |
| >16 | 1,822 | 26.8 | 3,049 | 14.8 | ∗∗∗ | $7,183 | $1,942 | $5,350 | $118 | ∗∗∗ |
Note: based on 2,445 and 4,601 elderly (age 65 or older) Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson's disease who were continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and Part B during 2006 and 2007 and were not enrolled in Health Maintenance Organizations during 2006 and 2007; individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as well as those without full year enrollments due to death or some other reason were excluded from the final sample. Average home healthcare expenditures were estimated among users of home healthcare.
S.E.: Standard Errors; PD: Parkinson's disease; AA: African Americans; DME: durable medical equipment; SNF: skilled nursing facility.
∗∗∗ p < .001; ∗∗.001 ≤ p < .01; ∗.01 ≤ p < .05.